Maximum optical transmission

Maximum optical transmission In the silicon solarcell operating wavelength range of 0.4 to 1.1 pm. 

Treu (1976) measured transmission spectra (optical density) for indium films of the type used for immunological slides. His calculations based on Mie theory led him to the conclusion that this theory was not compatible with observations. In particular, calculations for spheres of diameter 1390 A showed a feature that was not observed in experiments. Although calculations for spheres half this size did not show this feature, the wavelength of maximum optical density was much shorter than that observed. 

Bruker has introduced an FT-Raman microscope which is an accessory to an FT-IR spectrometer (42). The coupling between the microscope and the Raman module is made by NIR-fiber optics. In the wavelength range of the Raman experiment excited by a Nd YAG laser, the fiber optics transmission is at a maximum, thus allowing the experiment to be successful (43). Spatial resolution down to 5//m can be achieved. The technique appears to be a capable adjunct to FT-IR microscopy. 

In a reactive sputtering process the oxygen flow rate f(02) is the most relevant parameter. Fig. 1 displays a typical example of the influence of f(02) on physical properties and structure. Hall effect measurements show that the free carrier concentration n decreases continuously with f(02) whereas the electron mobility attains a maximum at medium values of f(02). This variation of the n and p clearly reflects the change from metallic behavior at low f(02) (region I) to oxide formation (region III) at high f(02) which is related with an increase of the optical transmission T. These changes are accompanied by structural variations in the ZnO layers. The SEM... 

Fig. 7 shows the optical transmittance spectrum of the entire ZnO-TFT in the wavelength range between 200 nm and 2500 nm (including the glass substrate with 1.1 mm thickness). The average optical transmission in the visible part of the spectrum is 80% while at 550 nm (maximum sensitivity for the human eye) it is 85%, which indicates that transmission losses due to the ZnO-TFTs in comparison with the uncoated glass substrate are negligible... 

Further parameters that are useful to compare the performance of different optical power limiters are the transmission contrast ratio (TCR) Eq. (88), the transmission dynamic range (TDR) Eq. (89), and the transmission cutoff (TCO) Eq. (90). The values 7max and T, are the maximum of transmission and the minimum of transmission, and Igo% and Iio% are the intensity of the 90% and 10% transmission points, respectively [600],... 

The excitation of the surface plasmon is found to be an extinction maximum or transmission minimum. The spectral position v half-width (full width at half-maximum) T and relative intensity f depend on various physical parameters. First, the dielectric functions of the metal and of the polymer Cpo(v) are involved. Second, the particle size and shape distribution play an important role. Third, the interfaces between particles and the surrounding medium, the particle-particle interactions, and the distribution of the particles inside the insulating material have to be considered. For a description of the optical plasmon resonance of an insulating material with embedded particles, a detailed knowledge of the material constants of insulating host and of the nanoparticles... 

Optical transmission spectra of the films irradiated with H+ ions are shown in Figure 9.13a. A maximum transmittance of about 75% is observed for the as-deposited film whereas the transmittance is decreased for the ion-implanted samples. From the transmittance data, the refractive index and extinction co-efficient are evaluated. The index of refraction value of n=2 and the extinction co-efficient value of nearly k=0 in the visible region is obtained and these values are typical of most of the spinel transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials. 

ESI/APCI Mass Analyzer Dirty optics (not at maximum ion transmission efficiency). ... 

Optical microscopy in polarized fight is done for samples of thin film (maximum thickness of the film should be less than a few micrometers in order to get a sharp pictiue of the structure). This optical transmission method allows the detection of the type of birefringence (negative or positive) but is insufficient to assign the lamellar structure. Satisfactory results are achieved for structure emits with dimensions of some micrometers. 

Thin films with thickness values below 20 nm may be obtained on the polymer substrate by a traditional lift-off process, without the use of adhesion layers that limit optical performance. The maximum internal transmission measured at 4.2 nm deposition thicknesses and at 530 nm wavelengths was 75%. Surface characterization methods, such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, provide a better analysis of... 

Figure 68. The polarization reversal

A magnetic mass analyser is considerably more expensive and physically larger than its quadrupole counterpart. In normal operation the ion source operates at a high positive voltage, so that the monochromator interface region must be carefully designed to ensure that photoelectrons ejected from either the photodetector or any metal surfaces are not accelerated into the ion source to produce spurious ionization. For maximum ion transmission it is necessary to use an ion-optical lens, such as an electrostatic quadrupole, to focus the ions from a wide area into the narrow entrance slit of the mass spectrometer. The magnetic mass spectrometer, unlike a quadrupole... 

---