Maximum density temperature

It is rarely that any greater degree of accuracy than that attained in the above methods is required. If, however, scientific accuracy is necessary in specific gravity determinations, the usual standard of comparison, at whatever temperature the determination may be made, is water at its maximum density temperature, namely 4°. If no correction is made for the weight of the air contained in the bottle or tube, accuracy to the fourth place of decimals is ensured by reducing the observed weighings to vacuum weighings. This can be done by the equation—... 

Table 2 Critical conditions, melting and maximum density temperatures as predicted by the rigid...

Fiber type Density, g/cm Strength, GPa Elongation, % Modulus, GPa Maximum use temperature, °C... 

Bitumen. There are wide variations both in the bitumen saturation of tar sand (0—18 wt % bitumen), even within a particular deposit, and the viscosity. Of particular note is the variation of density of Athabasca bitumen with temperature, and the maximum density difference between bitumen and water (70—80°C (160—175°F)) hence the choice of the operating temperature of the hot-water bitumen-extraction process. 

Material Shape" of particles Bulk wet density (drained), kg/L Moisture content (drained), % by weight Swelhng due to exchange, % Maximum operating temperature, Operating pH range Exchange capacity ... 

Rossiter (1986) demonstrated the procedure for the production process of crystalline common salt from brine. It was found that the optimal median size is determined by the entrainment limit in the crystallizer. The crystallizer had to be operated at maximum allowable temperature and the slurry density measured for quality constraints. It was also suggested that cost discontinuities should be imposed based on temperatures of the available heat sources, possible materials of construction and other intrinsic properties of the system. 

Po = density of combustion products at initial temperature Tq Cp = average specific heat of mixture considered to be constant from Tq to maximum fireball temperature... 

D2O and the tritium analogue T2O (p. 41). The high bp is notable (cf. H2S, etc.) as is the temperature of maximum density and its marked dependence on the isotopic composition of water. The high dielectric constant and measurable ionic dissociation equilibrium are also unusual and important properties. The ionic mobilities of [H30] and [OH] in water are abnormally high (350 X 10 " and 192 x 10 cms per V cm... 

Rock wool special products can be used up to 1100°C, but generally a maximum operating temperature of 850°C is recommended. Like glass wool, the lower density products used in buildings and H V applications have recommended limits of 230°C. 

The freezing point, temperature of maximum density, osmotic pressure and specific heat for seawater of various salinities are given in Table 21.23. 

Salinity Freezing point (°C) Temperature of maximum density Osmotic pressure (atm) Specific heat (J kg- )... 

Maximum density was achieved for the ceramic material that corresponds to the composition Li(Tao.92sMgo 075)02 775F0.i69(OH)o.o56> with a Curie temperature of 1060 10 K. 

For scientific purposes the convenient unit to employ for measuring reasonably large volumes of liquids is the cubic decimetre (dm3), or, for smaller volumes, the cubic centimetre (cm3). For many years the fundamental unit employed was the litre, based upon the volume occupied by one kilogram of water at 4 °C (the temperature of maximum density of water) the relationship between the litre... 

Substrate material Price per unit area (arb. units) Dielectric permittivity of insulator Maximum working temperature (K) Resistivity of dielectric layer (fl-cm) Density (g/cm3) Linear expansion coefficient x i[Pg.490]

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