Mauna Loa, Hawaii

Keeling, C. D. Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations—Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1958-1987 NDP-OOl/Rl Carbon Dioxide Information and Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory Oak Ridge, TN, 1988. 

Fig. 11-3 Direct atmospheric measurements of the CO2 concentration (left-hand scale) at Mauna Loa (Hawaii) and the South Pole station (Keeling et al., 1995) together with the concurrently observed decrease in atmospheric oxygen content (right-hand scale) at La Jolla, CA after 1989. (Taken from Heimann (1997) with permission from the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.)...

Figure 8. The COt concentrations observed at Mauna Loa, Hawaii by C. D. Keeling and coworkers.

FIGURE 14.12 Measured C02 concentrations at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, from 1958 to 1994. The line represents the atmospheric C02 expected if 55.9% of the cumulative emissions of C02 from fossil fuel combustion and cement production remained in the atmosphere (adapted from Keeling et al., 1995). 

The basalt paleoaltimeter can be applied to any tectonic region in which basalts are present. We tested the method by measuring the elevation of Mauna Loa, Hawaii, and then as a first application to a tectonic issue, placed constraints on the timing of uplift of the Colorado Plateau. While further testing of this tool for paleoelevation analysis would always be helpful,... 

In an attempt to address these questions, a modern method of statistical physics was recently applied by Varotsos et al. (2007) to C02 observations made at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. The necessity to employ a modern method of C02 data analysis stems from the fact that most atmospheric quantities obey non-linear laws, which usually generate non-stationarities. These non-stationarities often conceal existing correlations between the examined time series and therefore, instead of applying the conventional Fourier spectral analysis to atmospheric time series, new analytical techniques capable of eliminating non-stationarities in the data should be utilized (Hu et al., 2001 Chen et al., 2002 Grytsai et al., 2005). 

Turbidity data applied to upper atmospheric conditions, have been gathered at the meteorological observatory on Mauna Loa, Hawaii and presented by Peterson and Bryson (17). These data covered about a 10-year period from 1957-1967 and have been interpreted by Peterson and Bryson to indicate a general increase in the fine particle concentrations, as well as showing the effects of one or more major volcanic erup-... 

Infrared solar spectral measurements of CO, ethane (C2Hg), and hydrogen cyanide (HCN) were obtained for over 250 days between August 1995 and February 1998 above Mauna Loa, Hawaii (Rinsland et al., 1999). Correlated variations of CO, C2H6, and HCN and unusual seasonal cycles observed above Mauna Loa, Hawaii, during the second half of 1997 suggest a common origin for these emissions. Back-trajectory model calculations indicate that the source of these anomalous concentrations over Hawaii was the fires in Southeast Asia. 

FIGURE 20.33 Worrisome trend average monthly concentration of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, 1958-2007. The concentration varies seasonally, caused by changes in carbon dioxide absorption by plants. (Data from www.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends/co2 data ml0.php, accessed on January 20, 2007.)... 

The best place to start our examination is in the atmosphere, where the observational record is most complete and historical changes are best documented. Figure 7.1 shows values of the atmospheric concentration of C02 measured at Mauna Loa (Hawaii) and the South Pole from the late 1950s until the end of the 20th century. It indicates that over this period there was a clear increase in atmospheric C02 and that this was a worldwide phenomenon. The rate of increase varied somewhat from year to year, generally ranging from 1 to 2 ppm or about 0.4% per year. 

Figure 8.5 Mean monthly concentrations of atmospheric CO2 at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. The yearly oscillation is explained mainly by the annual cycle of photosynthesis and respiration of plants in the Northern Hemisphere. From E, K. Berner and R. A. Berner. Global environment Water, air, and geochemical cycles. Copyright 1996. Used by permission of Prentice Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ.

Atmospheric carbon dioxide measurements at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. These measurements show annual cycles resulting from seasonal variation in carbon dioxide fixation by the Calvin cycle in terrestrial plants. Much of this fixation takes place in rain forests, which account for approximately 50% of terrestrial fixation. [Dennis Potokar/Photo Researchers.]... 

Figure 6.5 Growth in concentration of atmospheric CO2 as measured at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. Source [70].

Rinsland, C.P., A. Goldman, F.J. Murcray, T.M. Stephen, M.S. Pougatchev, J. Fischman, S.J. David, R.D. Blatherwick, P.C. Novelli, N.B. Jones, and B.J. Connor, Infrared solar spectroscopic measurements of free tropospheric CO, C2H5 and HCN above Mauna Loa, Hawaii Seasonal variations and evidence for enhanced emissions from the southeast Asian tropical fires of 1997-1998. J Geophys Res 104, 18,667, 1999. 

Galasyn, J. F.. Tschudy, K. L., and Huebert, B. J., Seasonal and diurnal variability of nitric acid vapor and ionic aerosol species in the remote free troposphere at Mauna Loa, Hawaii. J. Geophys. Res. 92, 3105 (1987). 

Fig. 1-1. Volume mixing ratio of C02 at Mauna Loa, Hawaii, according to Pales and Keeling (1965). Left Hourly means during July 29, 1961. Center Averages for each hour of the day for the month of July 1961. Right Monthly means for 1961.

Fig. 5-11. Monthly means of daily 1-h ozone maxima averaged over a number of years (at least two). Data for Arosa, Brocken, Zugspitze, Westerland, and Hermanus as given in Fig. 5-10. Data for Mauna Loa, Hawaii (1974-1975), Rio Blanco, Colorado (1974-1976), and White River, Utah (1975-1976) as presented by Singh et al. (1978). The solid curves represent sinusoidal fits to the data points. The White River data cannot be fitted in this way. A better fit is obtained with a harmonic function composed of an annual and a semiannual wave (Falconer et al., 1978), as indicated by the dashed curve. Total ozone at Arosa is shown by the dotted curve to indicate the phase shift between total and surface ozone.

FIGURE 2 Patterns of atmospheric COi concenl rations through time. Left plate reconstruction of paleo CO levels between 200 Ma and present adopted from Cerling et ul. 1998a. Middle plate reconstruction of atmospheric CO, from ice cores for the past 160,000 years adopted from Petit et al (1999). Right plate atmospheric CO. concentrations recorded at Mauna Loa, Hawaii since 1958 adopted from Keeling (1998). records at ORNL CDIAC... 

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