Gray region

Figure 4 Sketch of the three-stage mechanism of the synthesis. Silica oligomers are located in the light-gray region.

Figure 9. Idealized schematic of the cathode cataiyst iayer (going from z = 0 to z = L) between the membrane and cathode diffusion medium showing the two main iength scales the agglomerate and the entire porous electrode. Gray, white, and black indicate membrane, gas, and electrocatalyst, respectively, and the gray region outside of the dotted line in the agglomerate represents an external film of membrane or water on top of the agglomerate.

Figure 9-4 Geometries of films, cyfindeis, and spheres as one-, two-, and three-dimensional reacting solids. The gray region is imreacted while the white region is solid product C5.

The other brain region involved in benzodiazepine effects on anxiety is the central gray region. Benzodiazepines injected into the central gray have been shown to reduce anxiety in the elevated plus maze. 

Let us look in more detail at Figure 3.19 For any fixed value of Kc, we can read the bifurcation limits (in terms of a) of the system from the graph. The bifurcation region for each fixed Kc is a simple, connected interval since any vertical line in Figure 3.19 that meets the gray region meets it contiguously with only two bifurcation points. 

Fig. 48 (a) Janus-type discotic hydrogen bonded aggregate 178 and (b) possible hexagonal superlattice LC phase (cross section through the structure viewed along the column axis, gray = regions of the RF-chains) [300]... 

Fig. 6.14. Label-free chemical imaging of the penetration pathways for the topically applied drug diffusion enhancer dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) into mouse skin tissue Dual-frequency SRS imaging tuned into the characteristic vibration of DMSO at 670 cm-1 (bright gray regions) and the CH2 vibration of lipid-rich adipocytes at 2845 cm-1 (dark gray regions) at a depth of 65pm into the tissue. DMSO is hydrophilic and hence avoids lipid structures such as adipocytes (Image courtesy of Brian Saar, Chris Freudiger, and Wei Min [12])...

These areas include the periaqueductal gray region of the spinoreticular tract, medial thalamic nuclei, hypothalamus, limbic system, and several other areas.33,65,75... 

Fig. 5. Illustration of the P-loop (red), switch 1 (black), and switch II (gray) regions in myosin (sequence and numbering as in Dictyostelium myosin II). The locations of ATP (green) and the chelated Mg2+ ion (yellow) within this grouping are also indicated. For discussion see text.

Figure 4.8 If three monochromatic primary colors are chosen for the display device then some colors cannot be created by the display device. The triangular-shaped subregion assumes three monochromatic primary colors at 400 nm, 520 nm, and 700 nm. Colors that are located inside the two gray regions lie outside the gamut of colors of the display device.

Fig. 14 Trajectory in the phase diagram for a vertical cut through the sample corresponding to Fig. 12d. z = 50uni and z = 50urn correspond to the lower and upper window, respectively. All volume elements of the sample reside inside the gray region. The inset shows the modulus of the Soret coefficient plotted along the dashed trajectory...

Specify a range of values where the consequences of making an incorrect decision are minor (gray region)... 

As we already know, in Step 6 of the DQO process the planning team will be mainly concerned with the uncertainty of decisions based on the mean sample concentrations that are close to the action level. Collecting a greater number of samples to better approximate the true concentration will reduce this uncertainty. However, this may not be feasible due to increased sampling and analysis costs. The uncertainty associated with decisions based on the mean sample concentrations that are close to the action level is addressed in the DQO process through a concept of the gray region. 

The probability curve is the same as in Figure 2.3, but the gray region in this case is situated on the opposite side of the action level, and the false acceptance and false rejection decision errors have changed places on the probability curve. With low probabilities of decision error, soil with sample mean concentrations significantly below 100 mg/kg will be accepted as backfill, soil with sample mean concentrations clearly exceeding 100 mg/kg will be rejected. However, if the true mean concentration is slightly above the action level, for example, 110 mg/kg, and the sample mean concentration is less than 100 mg/kg (e.g. 90 mg/kg), then the project team will be likely to make a false acceptance decision error. A consequence of false acceptance... 

The planning team is now prepared to assign decision error limits to false acceptance and false rejection decision errors. A decision error limit is the probability that an error may occur when making a decision based on sample data. The probability curve tells us that the highest probability of error exists in the gray region this error goes down as the mean concentrations move away from either side of the action level. The probability curve reflects our level of tolerance to uncertainty associated with a decision or, conversely, level of confidence with which a decision will be made. 

Based on expected sample matrix variability, analytical method performance criteria, and budgetary considerations, the gray region is specified at 20 percent of the action level and ranges from 0.8 to l.Ogg/kg. 

As we can see, Step 6 is the most complicated of all steps of the DQO process. The outputs of Step 6 are the statement of baseline condition, the selection of the gray region, and the assigning of tolerable decision error rates. Step 6 establishes the level of confidence with which decisions will be made and sets the stage for future statistical evaluation of the obtained data. Although Step 6 may not fully apply to some projects, it is important to understand the concepts it introduces as they are related to the concept of total error. 

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