Matter extensive property

Main-group elements, 153t Malleability The ability to be shaped, as by pounding with a hammer characteristic of metals, 244 Maltose, 618-619 Manometer, 104 Maple syrup, 277-278 Mass An extensive property reflecting the amount of matter in a sample, 7. See also Amount, critical, 525... 

Drawing a Conclusion The slope of a straight line is constant. No matter where you measure the slope on the line, the slope is the same. You should find that the slope is equal to the change in mass divided by the change in volume. Use this information to explain why you think density is an intensive or extensive property. 

The thermodynamic state is therefore considered equivalent to specification of the complete set of independent intensive properties 7 1 R2, Rn. The fact that state can be specified without reference to extensive properties is a direct consequence of the macroscopic character of the thermodynamic system, for once this character is established, we can safely assume that system size does not matter except as a trivial overall scale factor. For example, it is of no thermodynamic consequence whether we choose a cup-full or a bucket-full as sample size for a thermodynamic investigation of the normal boiling-point state of water, because thermodynamic properties of the two systems are trivially related. 

The SI units of heat capacity are J/K, as can be easily seen from the definition of C. Heat capacity is an extensive property of matter. That is, larger samples have greater heat capacities. 

If a body of material is homogeneons, the valne of any extensive property is directly proportional to the quantity of matter contained in the body ... 

Extensive property of a system is a thermodynamic property, which is dependent upon the quantity of matter in the system (e.g., volume, energy, mass). Extensive properties are additive. Its value for the whole system is the sum of the values of individual parts. 

Matter comprising biomolecules has distinct physical and chemical properties, which can be measured or observed. However, it is important to note that physical properties are distinct from chemical properties. Whereas physical properties can be directly observed without the need for a change in the chemical composition, the study of chemical properties actually requires a change in chemical composition, which results from so-called chemical reactions. Chemical reactions encompass processes that involve the rearrangement, removal, replacement or addition of atoms to produce a new substance(s). Properties of matter may be dependent (extensive) or independent (intensive) on the quantity of a substance, for example mass and volume are extensive properties of a substance. 

Properties are the characteristics by which we can identify samples of matter. Intensive properties, such as color and brittleness, do not depend on the size of the sample, but extensive properties, such as volume, do. Intensive properties are more important in identifying substances. We can determine whether a combination of substances is a mixmre or a compound by its properties. When we combine samples of matter, the result has more matter present than any of the original samples. When we break down a sample, each of the resulting products is composed of less matter than the starting sample. (Section 1.2)... 

Extensive properties of matter depend on the amount of matter involved. Extensive properties are also called common properties, such as mass, weight, volume, length, and charge. 

Extensive property A property that depends on the amount of matter. 

The properties of a phase are either intensive or extensive. An intensive property is one which is independent of the total quantity of matter in the system. Examples are density, specific gravity, and specific heat. Properties such as the mass and volume of a system are termed extensive properties since their value is determined by the quantity of matter contained in the system. 

The single-scattering albedo of an aerosol, = (Ts /(crsp + (Tap)- As the ratio of two extensive properties, it is an intensive property, independent of the concentration of particulate matter. 

Extensive and intensive properties Physical properties can be further described as being one of two types. Extensive properties are dependent upon the amount of substance present. For example, mass, which depends on the amount of substance there is, is an extensive property. Length and volume are also extensive properties. Density, on the other hand, is an example of an intensive property of matter. Intensive properties are independent of the amount of substance present. For example, density of a substance (at constant temperature and pressure) is the same no matter how much substance is present. 

The other group of properties are the intensive properties these are characteristic of the substance (or substances) present, and are independent of its (or their) amount. Temperature and pressure are intensive properties, and so also are refractive index, viscosity, density, surface tension, etc. It is because pressure and temperature are intensive properties, independent of the quantity of matter in the system, that they are frequently used as variables to describe the thermodynamic state of the system. It is of interest to note that an extensive property may become an intensive property by specifying unit amount of the substance concerned. Thus, mass and volume are extensive, but density and specific volume, that is, the mass per unit volume and volume per unit mass, respectively, are intensive properties of the substance or system. Similarly, heat capacity is an extensive property, but specific heat is intensive. 

Because the entropy, like the energy, is a single-valued function of the state of the system, dS, like dE, is a complete differential. This fact adds considerably to the thermodynamic usefulness of the entropy function. The entropy of a system, like the energy, is an extensive property, dependent upon the amount of matter in the system. For example, if the amount of matter is doubled, the heat quantities required for the same change of state will also be doubled, and the entropy will clearly increase in the same proportion. Another consequence of the entropy being an extensive property is that when a system consists of several parts, the total entropy change is the sum of the entropy changes of the individual portions. 

Properties of matter can be further classified according to whether or not they depend on the amount of substance present. The volume and the mass of a sample depend on, and are directly proportional to, the amount of matter in that sample. Such properties, which depend on the amount of material examined, are called extensive properties. By contrast, the color and the melting point of a substance are the same for a small sample and for a large one. Properties such as these, which are independent of the amount of material examined, are called intensive properties. All chemical properties are intensive properties. 

In comparing the internal energies and enthalpies of different substances as we have been doing here, it is important to compare equal numbers of moles, because energy is an extensive property of matter. However, heats of reactions are commonly expressed on a molar basis and treated as intensive properties. 

All measurable properties of matter fall into one of two additional categories extensive properties and intensive properties. The measured value of an extensive property depends on how much matter is being considered. Mass, which is the quantity of matter in a given sample of a substance, is an extensive property. More matter means more mass. Values of the same extensive property can be added together. For example, two copper pennies will have a combined mass that is the sum of the masses of each penny, and the length of two tennis courts is the sum of the lengths of each tennis court. Volume, defined as length cubed, is another extensive property. The value of an extensive quantity depends on the amount of matter. 

Excited state. A state that has higher energy than the ground state. (7.3) Exothermic processes. Processes that give off heat to the surroundings. (6.2) Extensive property. A property that depends on how much matter is being considered. (1.6)... 

In Chap. 3 we saw that the general balance equation (Eq, 3.2) can be applied to any extensive property—any property which is proportional to the amount of matter present. Since momentum is proportional to the amount of matter present, it is an extensive property and must obey a balance equation. Here, as in all other balance equations, we must be careful to choose and define our system. 

The atomic theory focuses on the extensive properties of matter such as mass and volume, whereas the kinetic theory states that particles are dynamic and separated by a vacuum describing the intensive properties of matter (Krnel, Watson Glazar, 1998). The next five propositions - taken from de Vos Verdonk, (1996, p.658) and Garnett (1984, p. 153) -summarise the kinetic theory. 

Although we usually have no way of knowing the precise value of the internal energy of a system, E, it does have a fixed value for a given set of conditions. The conditions that influence internal energy include the temperature and pressure. Furthermore, the internal energy of a system is proportional to the total quantity of matter in the system because energy is an extensive property. (Section 1.3)... 

In thermodynamics we encounter various properties, for example, density, volume, heat capacity, and others that will be defined later. In general, property is any quantity that can be measured in a system at equilibrium. Certain properties depend on the actual amount of matter (size or extent of the system) that is used in the measurement. For example, the volume occupied by a substance, or the kinetic energy of a moving object, are directly proportional to the mass. Such properties will be called extensive. Extensive properties are additive if an amount of a substance is divided into two parts, one of volume W and one of volume V2, the total volume is the sum of the parts, Vi + V2. In general, the total value of an extensive property in a system composed of several parts is the sum of its parts. If a property is independent of the size of the system, it will be called intensive. Some examples are pressure, temperature, density. Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter and are not additive. 

PROPERTIES OF MATTER (SECTION 1.3) Each substance has a unique set of physical properties and chemical properties that can be used to identify it. During a physical change, matter does not change its composition. Changes of state are physical changes. In a chemical change (chemical reaction) a substance is transformed into a chemically different substance. Intensive properties are independent of the amount of matter examined and are used to identify substances. Extensive properties relate to the amount of substance present. Differences in physical and chemical properties are used to separate substances. 

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