Matter early theories

Many systems of color have been developed over time. Early theories about the nature of color existed in many countries of the ancient world. An interest in color was expressed by the Babylonians as early as 1900 B.C. Most early theories assumed that color was one of the properties of matter, such as density or mass. These theories were correct in identifying some physical properties of matter. Color and density are intensive physical properties. They remain constant regardless of amount. Mass, on the other hand, is an extensive physical property of matter. It changes with amount. 

Kolbe s scathing remarks remind us how much resistance to atomism survived technical and theoretical advances in chemistry. Chemists of the early nineteenth-century were careful to distance theories about the proportions in which substances combined from commitment to physical atomism. Atomism, which at the time had much in common with the original Democritean theory, was an account of the ultimate, and unobservable, structure of matter, a theory about what underlay appearances. The law of chemical proportions, by contrast, was simply an empirical generalization to the effect that simple substances combined in proportions expressible as a simple ratio. When, in 1808, the year of Dalton s New System of Chemical Philosophy, Gay-Lussac read a paper to the Societe Philomatique of Paris, in which he stated that volumes of gases combined in simple proportions (i.e., in ratios of 1 1,1 2, or 1 3) to form one or two parts by volume of product, he offered a nonatomistic explanation of the law. "Chemical action," he wrote, "is exerted more powerfully when the elements are in simple ratios... 

The related theory about extenics is founded by the Chinese scholars Cai wen to solve the problem of subjective and objective contradictions in 1983 (Cai, 1983), it bases on the matter-element theory and extension set theory and does research on the influence degree of the described problems about quantity and quality , so as to completely know the system features (Guo et al., 2009). Due to the complexity production conditions of underground working face, there are a variety of factors that affect gas emission, how to quickly and accurately judge the reasons that why the gas emission is abnormal is an important task of gas early-warning, the extension theory can calculate the abnormal gas emission level by using the normalized correlation function. Under the condition of correct identification of gas hazard in coal mine. 

In short, this early theory invoked the concept of the in situ origin of coal by noting that the low content of mineral matter as part of the coal matrix precluded the large-scale transportation of plant material since it was presumed that such transportation would necessarily involve the deposition of plant material in locales that could lead to the inclusion of considerable quantities of mineral matter within the coal. 

BCE Early theory of matter proposed by Greek philosopher... 

Perhaps the most comprehensive early theory work was performed by Tanimura and collaborators [31-33]. They performed numerous calculations using a variety of potential models, heat bath models, and temperatures. In each case the results were thoroughly examined to determine the signal contributions from the various possible sources. Tanimura s most important conclusions were that no matter the system studied or the oscillator models used, the signals tended to have clear signatures that should allow comparison... 

The concept that all substances are composed of elements and atoms goes back at least 2000 years. Originally, only four elements were recognized air, earth, fire, and water. Each substance was thought to consist of very small particles, called atoms, that could not be subdivided any further. This early mental concept of the nature of matter was extremely prescient, considering there were no experimental results to indicate that matter should be so and none to verify that it was so. Modern atomic theory is much more rigorously based, and we even have the ability to see atoms with special tunneling microscopes. All of chemistry is based on how atoms react with each other. 

If they were to account for the spectrum of atomic hydrogen and then atoms of the other elements, scientists of the early twentieth century had to revise the nineteenth-century description of matter to take into account wave-particle duality. One of the first people to formulate a successful theory (in 1927) was the Austrian scientist Erwin Schrodinger (Fig. 1.23), who introduced a central concept of quantum theory. 

Newman, William Royall. "Experimental corpuscular theory in Aristotelian alchemy Geber to Sennert." In Late medieval and early modern corpuscular matter... 

Luethy, Christopher Herbert, John Emery Murdoch and William Royall Newman, eds. Late medieval and early modern corpuscular matter theories. Leiden Brill, 2001. viii, 610 p... 

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