Matter, divisibility

Marti, O., Phys. Scr. T, 49B(Proceedings of the 13th General Conference of the Condensed Matter, Division of the European Physical Society, 1993), 1993 p. 599. 

These matters are organized into three major divisions the types of equipment, the criteria employed in the selection of equipment, and the sizing and design of the equipment. 

The second volume covers the necessary ground relating to the analyses of essential oils and the characters of their isolated constituents. It also deals with artiScial aromatic bodies which are not present in essential oils, hot which form the gronndwork of synthetic perfumery. If is believed- that this division of the subject will be found more convenient than the arrangement of the subject-matter in previaos editions,... 

The division of the interface into an inner layer and a diffuse layer has been a matter of discussion in view of the molecular dimensions of the inner layer.122-126,279-285 However, the contribution of a constant capacitance is an experimental fact. Furthermore, molecular theories for electrolytes near a charged hard wall282 as well as phenomenological nonlocal electrostatic theories283 predict such a component without artificial introduction of any inner layers. This turns out to be an effect of the short-range structure of the solvent.279-285... 

No hard and fast rules can be given on the selection of suitable boundaries for all types of material balance problems. Selection of the best sub-division for any particular process is a matter of judgement, and depends on insight into the structure of the problem, which can only be gained by practice. The following general rules will serve as a guide ... 

Nurse That is the simplest view, that growth leads to cell division. This is why it is intriguing to discover that cell division can feed back on growth in some way. The general point is that embryos can often have very different cell sizes and still cope perfectly well. In this sense individual growth of the cells may not matter. 

The individual further advised me of circumstances which indicated that the investigation into the activity of the Finders had become a CIA internal matter. The MPD report has been classified secret and was not available for review. I was advised that the FBI had withdrawn from the investigation several weeks prior and that the FBI Foreign Counter intelligence Division had directed MPD not to advise the FBI Washington Field Office of anything that had transpired. No further information will be available. No further action will be taken." (9)... 

A formal matter" — that the whole towering pre-Hitler munitions structure was under the jurisdiction of one of Farben s great productive divisions "A formal matter, purely and simply" — that Gajewski was duty-bound to tell his fellow directors how much explosives their subsidiaries were making ... 

Significant changes in electronic properties of a solid can result from composition variation. The examples chosen to illustrate this will mainly be drawn from oxides as these have been studied in most detail. In this chapter, pure (single-phase) solids will be described—intrinsic conductivity—while in the following chapter impurities and doping—that is, extrinsic conductivity—will be considered. Note that the principles described below apply equally well to doped crystals—the division into two chapters is a matter of convenience. 

The composition variation described in the previous chapter has a considerable impact upon the electronic properties of the solid. However, it is often difficult to alter the composition of a phase to order, and stoichiometry ranges arc frequently too narrow to allow desired electronic properties to be achieved. Traditionally, the problem has been circumvented by using selective doping by aliovalent impurities, that is, impurities with a different nominal valence to those present in the parent material. However, it is important to remember that all the effects described in the previous chapter still apply to the materials below. The division into two chapters is a matter of convenience only. 

Among the purely physical properties of their materials, to which the chemist and the biologist have been compelled to pay an increasing amount of attention during recent years, surface tension undoubtedly occupies the first place. In a great measure this is due to the development of colloidal chemistry, which deals with matter in a state of extreme sub-division, and therefore with a great development of surface for a given mass, so that the properties of surfaces become important, and sometimes decisive, factors in the behaviour of such systems. 

Random errors arise in all measurements and are inevitable, no matter what the experiment, the quality of the instrument, or of the analyst. They are a consequence of the limitations of experimental, observations. For example, an instrument reading can only be taken within the limits of accuracy of the scale, as read by a particular observer. The position of the pointer between two division marks may be estimated to one fifth of a division by a skilled experimenter, but only to one half a division by another. Such skill may be improved with practice, but will never be totally perfected. Random errors cannot be eliminated, but can be reduced by using more sensitive measuring instruments or an experienced experimenter. The magnitude of random errors can be estimated by repeating the experiment. 

The decimal number system is based on the powers of 10. This makes multiplication and division by 10, 100, 1,000. . . very easy. It is simply a matter of moving the decimal point the number of places dictated by the... 

On the scale of assimilability, groups turn out to be predictably ordered according to their degree of deviation from a white Protestant norm, and the division of Caucasians into light and dark suspiciously coincides with the earlier scheme of distinct white races. Thus the purely cultural matter of assimilation is not entirely independent of race, even for those who have now become Caucasians the light -skinned Jew who is not physically different and thereby not burdened with negatively evaluated racial traits assimilates more easily than his dark-skinned co-religionist, the dark Caucasian.43... 

Ohtaki had been very active in the lUPAC and I am sure that the office in Raleigh will take appropriate note of and initiate due action in the matter. My contacts with him were mainly when as the President of Division III, I participated in the meetings of the lUPAC Bureau. In connection with the 9th Eurasia in Antalya, and considering Ohtaki s role in the series of these meetings which I believe he initiated perhaps you may wish to have some tribute to Ohtaki in the book on the Antalya congress. 

As you know, Dalton s atomic theory no longer applies in its original form, and Mendeleev s periodic table has undergone many changes. For example, scientists later discovered that atoms are not the most basic unit of matter because they are divisible. As well, the modern periodic table lists the elements in order of their atomic number, not their atomic mass. Of course, it also includes elements that had not been discovered in Mendeleev s time. Even so, in modified form, both of these inventions are still studied and used today in every chemistry course around the world. 

The pairing of bases in the double helix provides a beautiful mechanism for the duplication of DNA and its information content at the time of cell division, a matter that we get to just below. Basically, one can simply imagine that, one way or another, the two strands of the DNA come apart and each forms a template for the synthesis of the complementary strand. Thus, the original DNA molecule has become two, each identical to the first. 

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