Materials practical implications

Rate considerations have enormous practical implications to anyone working with polymers. As an example, it may be possible to make an incredible new polymer, but would we be able to profitably commercialize this super new polymer if its polymerization took weeks, months, or even years to occur Rather obviously, the answer is no . Therefore, we must study the rates of reactions in an effort to understand how to produce materials in the time scales we have at our disposal. The study of kinetics provides us with the tools and the knowledge necessary to understand the rates of the polymerization reactions that are important to us. Kinetic studies allow us to understand the energetic considerations necessary for a reaction to progress. We also gain the tools to propose mechanisms that describe how a reaction actually occurs at the molecular level. 

We concentrate on hardness results first because of their practical implications. Since composites can be deposited from a single solution and on almost any substrate material, this property becomes important and useful. In Table 17.1 we summarize microhardness values for samples with a variety of individual layer thicknesses. The 10-A-layer sample consists of 5000 individual layers all the other samples contain 4000 individual layers. 

We concentrate on hardness results first because of their practical implications. Since composites can be deposited from a single solution and on almost any substrate material, this property becomes important and useful. 

In this book we focus on two such major fields, biomedical and pharmaceutical. The book is aimed at life sciences and pharmaceutical readerships. Accordingly, the chapter authors emphasize explanatory material with practical implications rather than focusing on mathematical detail. The basics are explained in a way to give access to newcomers. The focus is on emerging applications of Raman spectroscopy in the concerned areas and the individual chapters emphasize the latest developments in these fields. 

All claims on product safety and efficacy depend on the specified quality if the quality is not consistent, the safety and efficacy may not be the same. Safety and efficacy data for the product are only valid if they were established with material of the specified quality. The practical implications are that test material must meet the relevant specifications of the final product before safety and efficacy data can be generated. For biological products, this means that the test substances have to be made by a process which must not deviate from the final manufacturing process in essential elements. If the manufacturing process is changed during the development, all previous data with earlier material may be worthless, unless bioequivalence can be proven. 

The last observation could indeed have major practical implications as a guiding principle in assessing fault trap prospects. It is therefore of some interest that Lindsay et al. (1993) have observed clay smears in tectonic faults that affected a Westphalian sand/shale sequences after lithification. These smears were apparently formed by abrasion of indurated shales. In this process, the surface of a sandstone becomes coated by a thin veneer of abraded material in much the same way as the surface of sandpaper. This veneer may run continuously along polished slip surfaces, but - as Lindsay et al. have documented in their study - with increasing fault displacement and de-... 

Extensive catalytic testing of mesoporous materials revealed promising performance with practical implications in some process [7,9]. However the observed improvements were mostly incremental compared to state of the art catalysts. This fact in combination with the initial lack of commercially synthesized product hindered practical implementation. 

The main methods of immobilization employed to stabilize the life time of photosynthetic material are studied. Various parameters and properties concerning the immobilization procedures are evaluated method, biological material, techniques to measure the photosynthetic activity, storage and operational stabilities. A comparison between two methods of immobilization (chemical and physical) to measure the effect of herbicides which inhibited photosynthesis is discussed. The practical implication of photosystem II is emphasized. 

Watkinson F Practical implications of good weldability . Metals and Materials 2 (7) 1968 217-222. 

Presence of small amounts of isotropic material within the mesophase can have important practical implications in processing of polydisperse samples. We have observed, for example, that upon fiber extrusion from the nematic melt, optimum mechanical strength is not developed until extrusion temperatures are below the l/N transition temperature of the shortest components. Similarly, measurement of order parameter shows that presence of a minor isotropic component deters optimum overall alignment until a temperature some 25-30 C below the transition to a "homogeneous nematic phase, as observed by microscopy. ... 

From the reactivity standpoint, 2,4 -DBDI was similar to 2,4 -TDI, although the selectivity of the NCO groups at the ortho and para positions was found to be lower than that of 2,4 -TDI. The former material has an important practical implication since it is a liquid with a low vapour pressure and therefore reduces the risk of inhalation. 

The guiding conceptual equation for this new unified theory of aquifer mechanics is a bulk flow equation. One practical implication is that any reliable computer code of transient three-dimensional groundwater flow, which like MODFLOW already computes Darcian specific discharge across each face of every cell, can be transformed directly into an equally reliable code for three-dimensional transient deformation of saturated sedimentary material. 

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