Materials antimony-containing alloys

Photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) are used nowadays almost exclusively in AAS. A photomultiplier contains a photo-emissive cathode and several anodes (dynodes) in a vacuum. The cathode is coated with an easily ionized material such as alloys of alkali metals with antimony, bismuth, and/or silver. 

An antimony containing intermetallic alloy compound consisting of molybdenum and antimony dispersed in an amorphous carbon matrix was developed using a high-energy mechanical milling technique (119). This material was used as the anode for a sodium-ion battery... 

Sodium—lead alloys that contain other metals, eg, the alkaline-earth metals, are hard even at high temperatures, and are thus suitable as beating metals. Tempered lead, for example, is a beating alloy that contains 1.3 wt % sodium, 0.12 wt % antimony, 0.08 wt % tin, and the remainder lead. The German BahnmetaH, which was used ia axle beatings on railroad engines and cars, contains 0.6 wt % sodium, 0.04 wt % lithium, 0.6 wt % calcium, and the remainder lead, and has a Brinell hardness of 34 (see Bearing MATERIALS). 

There are two types of alloys. In a substitutional alloy, some of the metal atoms in a crystal lattice are replaced by other atoms (usually of comparable size). Examples are brass, in which approximately one third of the atoms in a copper crystal are replaced by zinc atoms, and pewter, an alloy of tin that contains 7% copper, 6% bismuth, and 2% antimony. In an interstitial alloy, atoms of one or more additional elements enter the interstitial sites of the host metal lattice. An example is steel, in which carbon atoms occupy interstitial sites of an iron crystal, making the material stronger and harder than pure iron. Mild steel contains less than 0.2% C and is used for nails, whereas high-carbon steels can contain up to 1.5% C and are used in specialty applications such as tools and springs. Alloy steels are both substitutional and interstitial atoms from metals such as chromium and vanadium substitute for iron atoms, with carbon remaining in interstitial sites. Alloy steels have a variety of specialized purposes, ranging from cutlery to bicycle frames. 

BEARING, BABBITT - A bearing metal of non-ferrous material, containing several tin-based alloys, mainly copper, antimony, tin and lead. 

In the past the copper conductor pairs in telecommunication cables were insulated with paper pulp, and the outer sheath, which serves as an electric shield and provides corrosion-resistant physical protection, was made of a lead alloy containing 1.0 mass% antimony. The connections (splices) between the individual conductors were enclosed either in lead sleeves or in closures consisting of two galvanized half shells of gray cast iron, held together with stainless steel bolts and nuts. Although there is still a considerable amount of lead-sheath cable, lead sleeves, and galvanized cast iron closures, the modem telecommunication cable plant relies heavily on plastics as the material of constmction. 

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