Material volatilization

Wood material Volatile matter Fixed carbon Ash C H O N S HHV, " MT/kg... 

Materials used as grinding aids include solids such as graphite, oleo-resinous liquid materials, volatile solids, and vapors. The complex effects of vapors have been extensively studied [Goette and Ziegler, Z. Ver. Dt.sch. Ing., 98, 373-376 (1956) and Locher and von Seebach,... 

A wide variety of methods have been developed for the detection of residual monomers in polymeric materials. Volatile monomers, for example, acrylonitrile, butadiene, vinyl chloride, etc., are normally determined using headspace GC methods. 

Carbonaceous material - volatile matter, coal feed rate, location of coal injection Keogh et al. (1991) Hardie et al. (1993) Ibaraki (1994)... 

Evolved gases were monitored continuously for 02, C02, NOx, CO, and total hydrocarbons (THC) by a continuous emission monitoring system (CEMS). Batch samples of the offgases were also taken and analyzed for NH3, HCN, residual energetic materials, volatile organic compounds, and N2. The batch samples were collected over the entire duration of each run, and the single value reported represents the average concentration for the whole run. 

Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (1973) The Analysis of Agricultural Materials - Volatile Fatty Acids (Ct -Cl6) and Lactic Acid in Silage Juices, Method 85, Technical Bulletin RB 427, HMSO, London, UK. 

During activation the composition of the outlet gas is mainly determined by the quality of the charred material (volatile matter) and by the bed and freeboard temperature. At the operating temperature (800 °C—900 C) used in the experiments the water gas reaction essentially reaches equilibrium, which fixes the gas composition for a given air, fuel, and steam feedrate. For the total mass balance a closure from 95.6% to 102.6% was found. For elementary carbon the deviation was 86.5%—1065%. Further details on the production and influence of the process parameters on the adsorptive capacity are described elsewhere [ 5 ]. 

International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1999a) Water Quality - Guidelines for Algal Growth Inhibition Tests with Poorly Soluble Materials, Volatile Compounds, Metals and Waste Water, ISO 14442. ISO, Paris. 

The material volatilization is of the order of a few mg/min and increases in the order C < Al < Fe < steel < Cu < brass < Zn. It also depends on the gas used, which is normally a noble gas. Helium is not used, as due to its small mass sputtering is too limited. The sputtering rate increases in the order neon < argon < krypton. It is proportional to 1/s/p [240], when p is the gas pressure. Furthermore, the sputtering rates of alloys can be predicted to a certain extent from the values for the pure metals [232],... 

ISO 14442 1999 Guidelines for algal growth inhibition tests with poorly soluble materials, volatile compounds, metals and waste water Water... 

Only materials volatile at the sampling temperature are transferred to the GC. Therefore, most headspace injection systems include some means of either gently heating the vial containing the sample or bubbling a gas through the non-volatile liquid to purge the volatiles, which can then be... 

One limitation of the maximum temperature in a solidified-waste block is given by the need to maintain the immobilization of the waste. Table 11.8 shows softening and melting temperatures of various products. For high-melting materials volatilization of individual fission products below the melting temperature has to be considered. 

In Ta , it is presumed that all materials volatilize below 900°C and do so at a single temperature. Thus, Ta represents a characteristic end-of-volatilization temperature, rather than an ipdt having practical significance. However, it does serve as a measure of refractoriness, but is not very satisfactory. 

PROBABLE FATE photolysis slow photolysis very likely to occur, if released to water, will be lost to photolysis oxidation oxidation by hydroxy radical attack, half-life 14 hr, photooxidation half-life in air 7-71 hrs hydrolysis slight potential for hydrolysis after adsorption by clay materials volatilization not an important process, if released to water will volatilize, half-life 12 days in a model river sorption adsorbed to a moderate degree by clay materials, adsorption to sediment is minor biological processes no bioaeeumulation very resistant to biodegradation under natural conditions... 

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES flammable and combustible liquid may polymerize on contact with strong acids or strong alkalies reacts with oxidizing materials volatile in steam FP (60 C, MOT) LFL/UFL (2.1%, 19.3%) AT (316°C, 60IT) HF (-201.6 kJ/mol liquid at 25"C). 

Heat-transfer equipment in the form of heat exchangers and condensers is a vital part of the chemical process industries. Heat exchangers are used for the cooling or heating of all sorts of process materials, while condensers are used largely for the condensation of vapors from evaporators and consequent production of vacuum, and for the recovery of materials volatilized from stills. 

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