Mass enhancement due

As already discussed for / H-(ET)2l3, the question remains why with the ESR p-value of 2.007 [330] a bare electron mass /ib larger than pc would be extracted. If no mass-enhancement due to electron-phonon interaction is considered, i. e., A = 0, a lower limit of the g value of 2.25 would be obtained from the dHvA data for / -(ET)2lBr2. This might hint at antiferromagnetic fluctuations or an appreciable electron-electron interaction which... 

The authors in [351] neglected a possible mass-enhancement due to electron-phonon interaction and attributed the spin-splitting zeros to a p value of 1.55. 

Mass enhancement due to the electron-magnon interaction in magnetically ordered compounds is large compared to the one due to the electron-phonon interaction. The mass enhancement factor is in the range of 1-2. 

Isotope abundance and elemental information is exhibited in cold El mass spectra, due to the enhanced molecular ion and the ionisation of isolated molecules without Cl-type reactions. Supersonic LC-MS provides a linear response, unlike LC-PB-MS. LC-SMB-MS is expected to compete with APPI, APCI and PB LC-MS modes (Scheme 7.8 and Figure 6.4). 

In isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS) the spike, the unspiked and a spiked sample are measured by ICP-MS in order to determine the isotope ratio. Using this technique, more precise and accurate results can be obtained than by using a calibration graph or by standard addition. This is due to elimination of various systematic errors. Isotopes behave identically in most chemical and physical processes. Signal suppression and enhancement due to the matrix in ICP-MS affects both isotopes equally. The same holds for most long-term instrumental fluctuations and drift. Accuracy and precision obtained with ID-ICP-QMS are better than with other ICP-QMS calibration... 

In general the concentration of component B (the non-toxic pollutant) is higher than the concentration of ozone. That means that b is much higher than 1. There is also a strong influence of the Hatta number, in this case, HaB. It can therefore be concluded that at high values of HaB, the enhancement of ozone mass transfer due to the reaction of ozone with component B may be substantial. 

From the above it can be concluded that only the reaction with component B may enhance mass transfer of ozone substantially. And only if the Hatta number HaB is much higher than 1. Therefore it can be expected that whenever we have to deal with an enhancement of mass transfer due to chemical reactions, this influences the selectivity of the oxidation process in a negative way. The factor which has to be considered in this respect is the Hatta number for the reaction of ozone with component B (equation 29). HaB increases with increasing value of kB and CBb and with decreasing value of the mass transfer coefficient for ozone, kHq,... 

Due to their defined monomodal macropore distribution (see Section 1.2.1), monolithic stationary phases, based on polymerization of organic precursors, are predestined for efficient and swift separation of macromolecules, like proteins, peptides, or nucleic acids, as their open-pore structure of account for enhanced mass transfer due to convection rather than diffusion. In fact, most of the applications of organic monolith introduced and investigated in literature are directed to analysis of biomolecule chromatography [29]. 

The deposit mass acts to reduce the physical volume of the combustion chamber through air displacement. As a result, during the compression-ignition cycle the cylinder air volume is compressed to a higher pressure. When ignition occurs, engine knock will be enhanced due to higher cylinder pressures. 

Figure 6.8 shows the reflectivity of crystals of V203 obtained by Fan (1972). From the low-frequency behaviour, Fan deduced m 9me since for a bandwidth /v 1 eV, mm me, the factor 9 represents the mass enhancement. The inflexion above 1 eV may be due to the transition to the unenhanced mass discussed in Chapter 4, Section 6. Results for V02 are also shown in Fig. 6.9 they give m 3me. 

The enhancement factor E was defined to assess mass transfer enhancement due to (ozone) gas absorption into a liquid accompanied by simultaneous reaction B 3.2 Fig. B 3-5... 

An enhancement factor E has been defined to describe the increase in mass transfer due to a simultaneous reaction ... 

Furthermore, it is almost impossible to use ozone for fc, -measurements when organic substances are present that are (easily) oxidized by molecular ozone. Mass transfer enhancement will occur during such measurements, so that the mass transfer coefficient based on only the physical process cannot be determined. In this case, the oxygen mass transfer coefficient kLa 02) should be determined to assess the mass transfer rate without reaction. The enhanced mass transfer due to reaction should be considered separately, because it is not only dependent on the parameters listed above in equation 3-10, but also dependent on the concentration of the reactants. 

Great activity has also been evidenced in microlithographically fabricated arrays of microelectrodes, which are typically formed in one plane on an insulating substrate [7,8,13,34-45] for experiments involving either an array of electrodes held at a common potential [37,40,42,43], or an array of noninteracting electrodes held at two or more different applied potentials [42,44], or an array of interdigitated electrodes held at two different potentials [13,34,36,38,39,45-47]. Arrays have significantly better analytical detection limits than continuous electrodes of the same overall dimensions, due to enhanced mass transport fluxes that arise from an increase in the spatial dimensionality of mass transport due to the alternation of electrode zones with pas-... 

The acceleration of mass transfer due to chemical reactions in the interfacial region is often accounted for via the so-called enhancement factors (27,68,69). They are either obtained by fitting experimental results or derived theoretically on the grounds of simplified model assumptions. It is not possible to derive the enhancement factors properly from binary experiments, and significant problems arise if reversible, parallel, or consecutive reactions take place. 

Nonlinear feedback would produce multiple steady states and support oscillatory behavior. The increase of the analytical Cu(II) ion concentration leads to a mass decrease due to enhanced dissolution as shown by the... 

Rotating wire electrode — When a metal wire is rotating in a solution and used as an - electrode for - current measurements, the current will be enhanced due to the enhanced - mass transport of the - depolarizer to the electrode surface. However, since the hydrodynamic conditions are usually rather difficult to control at a rotating wire, especially when the wire is not a highly symmetric cylinder rotating around its own axis, the rotating wire electrode found only some application as an - indicator electrode in - amperometric titrations. 

Gas absorption is a function of the gas and liquid mass transfer coefficients, the interfacial area, and the enhancement due to chemical reaction. The gas-liquid interfacial area is related to the Sauter mean bubble diameter and the gas holdup fraction. The gas holdup fraction has been reported to vary with radial position (7-11) for column internal diameters up to 0.6 m. Koide et al" Tl2), however, found that the radial distribution of gas holdup was nearly constant for a column diameter of 5.5 m. Axial distribution of average gas holdup has been reported by Ueyama et al. (10). The average gas holdup... 

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