Masculinized

The pharmaceutical industry has developed and studied a number of anabolic steroids for use in vet erinary medicine and in rehabilitation from injuries that are accompanied by deterioration of muscles The ideal agent would be one that possessed the an abolic properties of testosterone without its andro genic (masculinizing) effects Methandrostenolone (Dianabol) and stanozolol are among the many syn thetic anabolic steroids that require a prescription... 

Men s Fragrances. Earlier ia the twentieth century, men s fragrances were expected to have a masculine direction, such as tobacco, leather, fougere, or citms, even if only in name. This is no longer tme, however since the 1970s, men s perfumes have become less conservative and have allowed much more creative use of rich woody, ambery, and green notes. 

Fougere Family. This family has a typically accepted masculine note reminiscent of fern, tonka, and moss. 

Chypre Family. This is an extremely popular group that was well received at the end of the 1940s. It is not exclusively masculine since many women s perfumes have been used as models for fragrances in this family. This group represents creativity at its best and shows how well a basic chypre accord can blend with new themes. 

As we have seen in this chapter, steroids have a number of functions in human physiology. Cholesterol is a component part of cell membranes and is found in large amounts in the brain. Derivatives of cholic acid assist the digestion of fats in the small intestine. Cortisone and its derivatives are involved in maintaining the electrolyte balance in body fluids. The sex hormones responsible for masculine and feminine characteristics as well as numerous aspects of pregnancy from conception to birth are steroids. 

Returning to the question of endocrine disruption, it is now known that over 100 species of gastropods worldwide suffer from a condition described as imposex, the development of male characteristics by females. It has already been established for some species (e.g., dog whelk) that TBT is the cause of this, and it is suspected that organotin compounds account for most cases of imposex worldwide (Matthiessen and Gibbs 1998). Some examples of masculinization of female gastropods caused by tributyltin are given in Table 8.4. 

The introduction of oral medications and direct-to-con-sumer advertising has made patients feel more comfortable approaching practitioners for treatment advice. Despite this, some patients may only discuss their dysfunction when questioned directly by their provider or if their partner initiates the interaction. Patients may still feel that a loss in erectile function translates into a loss of masculinity. 

Virilization Production or acquisition of virilism, which is a masculine characteristic. 

In this line, Hofstede (1980) conducted a transcultural study in which five relevant psychological dimensions were identified empirically in all the cultures that were studied, i.e. power-distance (from small to large), collectivism-individualism, femininity-masculinity, uncertainty avoidance (from weak to strong) and time orientation (from short term to long term). 

Stories of past lives actually strengthened, even as they subverted, the power of the binary oppositions of man and woman, masculine and feminine. These binary oppositions were central to the theosophical cosmogony. As Blavatsky had argued in The Secret Doctrine, all manifestation involved duality, and the opposition between masculine and feminine was among the most basic of dualities. Theos-... 

Drea, C.M. (2007) Sex differences and seasonal patterns in steroid secretion in Lemur catta Are socially dominant females hormonally masculinized Horm. Behav. In press. 

In addition to the above behavioral and performance tests, there are a number of well-known tests of personality that may provide useful information in select clinical studies. The most well known of these tests is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). This test consists of 550 affirmative statements to which a true or false response is given and requires about one hour to complete. It is given to adults over the age of 16 and is scored for ten scales depression, hysteria, hypochondriasis, psychopathic deviate, masculinity-femininity, paranoia, hypomania, schizophrenia, psychasthenia, and social introversion. 

E. Adkins-Regan and J. Wade, Masculinized sexual partner preference in female zebra finches with sex-reversed gonads. Horm. Behav. 39 (2001) 22-28. 

In support of a role for androgens in sexual behavior is the finding that sexual interest or motivation is low in prepubertal boys and in men with various forms of hypogonadism (Burris, et al., 1992). Androgen treatments are typically associated with increased interest in sexual activities, as measured by self-report, as well as increases in nocturnal erections. However, increases in sexual behavior as a result of androgen treatments are less reliable, probably in part because men with a history of sexual inactivity may lack social skills or opportunities for sexual behavior. Social and historical variables, possibly also experienced as changes in other hormones, are critical determinants of masculine sexuality. 

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