Martell technique

In contrast, a two-dimensional computer-assisted technique using edge detection and computer vision, developed by Martell and Berdia, improves intraobserver and interobserver repeatability tenfold over manual techniques (Martell and Berdia 1997). Figure 5.10 illustrates the Martell technique for computer-assisted measurement of radiographic wear. 

In this part we shall use the nomenclature of Si lien and Martel 1 (76) to define stability constants, medium and experimental techniques. We shall only deal with overall stability constants of the cation M with the ligand L according to reaction (25)... 

Conte, L. S., Miorini, M., Giomo, A., Bertacco, G., and Zironi, R. (1998). Evaluation of some fixed components for unifloral honey characterization. /. Agric. Food Chem. 46,1844-1849. Cordelia, C., Moussa, L, Martel, A. C., Sbirrazzuoli, N., and Lizzani-Cuvelier, L. (2002). Recent developments in food characterisation and adulteration detection Techniques oriented perspectives. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50,1751-1764. 

It is contended that the renal slice technique measures primarily basolateral uptake of substrates or nephrotoxins, based on histological evidence of collapsed tubular lumens. This results in the inaccessibility of brush-border surfaces for reabsorptive transport (Burg and Orloff, 1969 Cohen and Kamm, 1976). This observation limits the ability of this model to accurately reflect reactions to nephrotoxins that occur as the result of brush-border accumulation of an injurious agent. Ultrastructurally, a number of alterations, particularly in the plasma membrane and mitochondrial compartments, have been shown to occur over a 2-h incubation period (Martel-Pelletier et al., 1977). This deterioration in morphology is very likely a consequence of the insufficient diffusion of oxygen, metabolic substrates, and waste products in the innermost regions of the kidney slice (Cohen and Kamm, 1976). Such factors also limit the use of slices in studying renal metabolism and transport functions. 

Ottaviani, G., Martel, S., Escalara, C., Nicolle, E. and Carrupt, P.A. (2008) The PAMPA technique as a HTS tool for partition coefficients determination in different solvent/water systems. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences,... 

Electron-Induced Reactions—HREELS Measurements. Novel LEE-induced chemistry has also been observed in HREEL measurements of molecular solids and molecules physisorbed on the surface of RGS. For example, Lepage et ah, building on the initial observations of Jay-Gerin et al. [141], have employed HREELS to measure in situ, neutral dissociation products arising from the impact of low-energy electrons on thin multilayer films of methanol [37] and acetone [38]. The technique is similar to that developed earlier by Martel et al. [258] for chemisorbed systems, in that the same electron beam is used for both the production and the detection of the neutral fragments. However, in the work of Lepage... 

Cordelia, C., Moussa, I., Martel, A. C., Sbirrazzuoli, N., and Lizzani-Cuvelier, L. (2002). Recent developments in food characterization and adulteration detection Technique-oriented perspectives. J. Agric. Food Chem. 50,1751-1764. 

In rivers and streams heavy metals are distributed between the water, colloidal material, suspended matter, and the sedimented phases. The assessment of the mechanisms of deposition and remobilization of heavy metals into and from the sediment is one task for research on the behavior of metals in river systems [IRGOLIC and MARTELL, 1985]. It was hitherto, usual to calculate enrichment factors, for instance the geoaccumulation index for sediments [MULLER, 1979 1981], to compare the properties of elements. Distribution coefficients of the metal in water and in sediment fractions were calculated for some rivers to find general aspects of the enrichment behavior of metals [FOR-STNER and MULLER, 1974]. In-situ analyses or laboratory experiments with natural material in combination with speciation techniques are another means of investigation [LANDNER, 1987 CALMANO et al., 1992], Such experiments manifest univariate dependencies for the metals and other components, for instance between different metals and nitrilotriacetic acid [FORSTNER and SALOMONS, 1991], but the interactions in natural systems are often more complex. 

Ben Rejeb, S., N. Fischer Durand, A. Martel, et al. 1998. Development of anti-phenylurea antibody purification techniques for improved environmental applications. Anal. Chim. Acta 376 41-48. 

There are several published reports on SANS studies carried out on aqueous dispersion of lipid in water. The measurement of interlamellar repeat distances within multilamellar liposomes is probably the most easily accomplished and reported type of experiment. The repeat distance measured is the length of the lipid molecule plus that of the water layer that separates the hydrophobic layers of the liposome (Fig. 2). This distance has been determined using the technique for several different lipid/water multilamellar systems. For example, the interlamellar repeat distance for multilamellar liposomes of DPPC has been measured by several workers as approximately 60 A (Winter and Pilgrim, 1989 Martel and Ahmed, 1990 Watkinson et al., 1991). Figure 3 depicts typical SANS data for DPPC at different concentrations in D2O and shows clear Bragg peaks at Q s 0.1, corresponding to an interlamellar repeat distance... 

Formation constants for many metal complexes have been compiled by Ramunas Motekaitis and Art Martell, and these as well as techniques for measuring them in the laboratory will be covered in Chapters 3 and 8. One can, however, predict the relative stability of a desired complex based on simple bonding theories. Crystal field theory, as well as the Irving-Williams series and Pearson s hard-soft-acid-base theory (see the next section) enable us to predict what might happen in solution. 

Figure 3.9 Association constants of the 1 1 hydroxycomplexes of divalent metal cations of the first transition series based on the following sources ( ) Wagman et al. (1982), (x) Baes and Mesmer (1976), ( ) Yatsimirskii and Vasil ev (1966), (A) Smith and Martell (1976). From Langmuir (1979). Reprinted with permission from Techniques of estimating thermodynamic properties for some aqueous complexes of geochemical interest, D. Langmuir. In Chemical modeling in aqueous systems, ed. E. A. Jenne, Am. Chem. Soc. Symp. Ser. 93. Copyright 1979 American Chemical Society.

Frechet, J., Martel, L., Nikolla, L. and Poupinet, G. (1989). Application of the cross-spectral moving-window technique (CSMWT) to the seismic monitoring of forced fluid migration in a rock mass, Int. J. Rock Mech. Min. Sci. Geomech. Abstr., 26, 221-233. 

Ch. Cordelia, I. Moussa, A. -C. Martel, N. Sbirrazzuoli, L. Lizzani-Cuvelier. Recent developments in food characterisation and adulteration detection technique-oriented perspectives. J Agric Food Chem 50 1751-1764, 2002. 

Martel et al. investigated phase separation in glasses which occurs in silica-rich glasses however, some aspects as the first steps of the nucle-ation of domains with different compositions remain to be clarified as they are diffieult to eharacterize with most analytical techniques. studies and 2D Si- Si eorrelation experiments were used to characterize the Si-O-Si network after various heat treatments and are used to obtain the compositions of the two demixing phases. ... 

Hui AJ, McCalden RW, Martell JM, MacDonald SJ, Bourne RB, Rorabeck CH. Validation of two and three-dimensional radiographic techniques for measuring polyethylene wear after total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg 2003 March 85-A(3) 505—11. 

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