Marine strategy directive

For Europe, the situation is such that five international marine conventions or programmes predate tlie WFD, namely AMAP, BSC, HELCOM, MEDPOL and OSPAR. This is illustrated for the major regional seas in Figure 2.4.1. Each of these important conventions will be highlighted in the sections below. Also, the European Marine Strategy Directive (MSD) is expected shortly and some attention will be given to that as well. 

On 2 October 2002, the EC published a Communication to the Council of the EU and the European Parliament entitled Towards a strategy to protect and conserve the marine environment (COM (2002) 539), which sets out objectives and related actions (European Commission, 2004a). The Commission Communication represents the first Step in the incremental development of the European Marine Strategy for the protection and conservation of the marine environment. The Environment Council Conclusions of 4 March 2003 welcomed the Commission Communication, endorsed the approach and the outline of its objectives and requested an ambitious Strategy by 2005. Currently a proposal for a directive establishing a Framework for Community Action in the field of Marine Environmental Policy (Marine Strategy Directive or MSD) is on the table awaiting final approval by the parliament and the Commission (European Commission, 2005). 

European Commission (2005) Proposal for a diiective of the European Parliament of the Council, establishing a framework for Community action in the field of marine envuonmental policy (Marine Strategy Directive), COM (2005) 505 final. 

EU (2008). Marine Strategy Framework Directive, Directive 2008/56/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 17 June 2008 estabhshing a framework for community action in the field of marine environmental policy. Directive 2008/56/EC. 

GAL 10] Galgani F., Fleet D., Van Franeker J., et al. Marine Strategy Framework Directive Task Group 10 report on marine litter, JRC Scientific and technical report, ICES/JRC/IFREMER joint report, N. Zampoukas, 2010. 

Galgani F, Fleet D, Franeker JV, Katsanevakis S, Maes T, Mouat J, Oosterbaan L, Poitou I, Hanke G, Thompson R, Amato E, Birkun A, Janssen C. Task group 10 report marine litter. In Zampoukas N, editor. Marine Strategy Framework Directive. Ispra European Commission Joint Research Center 2010. 

Why study marine toxins Episodes like the one above are one reason they command attention because of the loss of life and health when they occur or because of the costs of preventing and avoiding them. Much research on marine toxins is directed toward moderating their impact by understanding the various syndromes and developing effective strategies to deal with them. 

Mader, M. M., Norrby, P.-O. Computational investigation of the role of fluoride in Tamao oxidations. Chem.- Eur. J. 2002, 8, 5043-5048. Vanecko, J. A., West, F. G. A Novel, Stereoselective Silyl-Directed Stevens [1,2]-Shift of Ammonium Ylides. Org. Lett. 2002,4, 2813-2816. Sun, P., Sun, 0., Weinreb, S. M. Stereoselective Total Syntheses of the Racemic Form and the Natural Enantiomer of the Marine Alkaloid Lepadiformine via a Novel W-Acyliminium lon/Allylsilane Spirocyclization Strategy. J. Org. Chem. 2002, 67, 4337-4345. 

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