Marggraf

Metallic zinc was produced in the 13th century A.D. in India by reducing calamine with organic substances such as wool. The metal was rediscovered in Europe by Marggraf in 1746, who showed that it could be obtained by reducing calamine with charcoal. 

J. S. Elsholtz described emission of bluish-white light when fluorspar was heated. Also described by J. G. Wallerius, 1750 the name fluorescence was coined in 1852 by G. G. Stokes 1768 First chemical study of fluorite undertaken by A. S. Marggraf... 

Marggraf, W.D., and Anderer, F.A., 1974, Alternative pathways in the biosynthesis of phosphatidylserine in mouse cells.Physiol. Chem. 335 1299-1304. 

Zinc is another earhest known metal. Use of its alloy, brass, dates back to prehistoric times. The metal was produced in India in the 13 century by reducing calamine (a sihcate mineral of zinc) with wool. Marggraf produced the metal in 1746 by reducing calamine with charcoal. The element took its name from the German word zink meaning of obscure origin. Lohneyes first used this name in 1697. 

Tin Dishes. A. S. Marggraf stated in 1746-47 that even the purest tin then obtainable contained arsenic. That man must have believed tin to be especially harmless for use in human life, said he, is evident from the great number of vessels of it, such as dishes, plates, pans, tankards, teapots and coffee-pots intended for food and drink, and various utensils used in the preparation of food, as well as the tin-plating of copper and iron receptacles and the many vessels used in chemistry and pharmacy, the tin and tin-plated still-heads, stills, caldrons, basins, cucurbits, tubes, etc. all this, however, holds only for the pure unadulterated native tin (219). 

Many tin alloys containing lead, copper, antimony, and bismuth were also in use in Marggrafs time. He mentioned three kinds of unalloyed tin first the Malaga, reputed to be the best, second the English, and third the Saxon and Bohemian (219). 

Marggraf, A. S., Chymische Schriften, Arnold Wever, Berlin, 1768, re-... 

Max Speter, 1883-1942. Transylvanian inventor and historian of chemistry Author of many articles on Boerhaave, Geoffroy the Elder, Marggraf, Black and Lavoisier. Contributor to Das Buch der grossen Chemiker. In 1929 he found the Boyle-Hanckwitz recipe for phosphorus, after it had been kept secret for more than two centuries (26). 

Marggraf tried in vain to prepare phosphorus without urine. When he used mixtures of various chlorides with vegetable coals, and even animal matters such as oil of hartshorn, human blood, etc. all his attempts failed When he sepaiated some microcosmic salt from urine, however, mixed the salt with lampblack, and distilled the mixture, he I obtained from it a considerable quantity of very fine phosphorus. . . , whence he concluded that in this Saline matter resides die true Acid that is fit to enter into the composition of phosphorus (33). 

When Marggraf distilled the seeds of white and black mustard, garden cress, pepper, and wheat, he obtained phosphorus from each of them except the pepper. Although Albinus had added sand, Marggraf found this to be unnecessary. For the sake of economy, Marggraf used... 

In a great research On the method of extracting zinc from its true mineral, calamine, A. S. Marggraf in 1746 reduced calamine from Poland, England, Breslau, and Hungary with carbon in closed retorts, and obtained metallic zinc from all of them (2, 19, 53). He found the ore from Holywell to be especially rich m it. He stated that both J. H. Pott and... 

Marggraf also showed that the lead ores of Rammelsberg contained zinc and that zinc can be prepared from blende, or sphalerite (53). Who would think, said he, that this furnace calamine [in Saxony] is derived... 

Marggraf, A. S, Ueber die Methode den Zink aus seiner wahren Minera... 

The most distinguished chemists in Europe soon became intensely interested in platinum. Among those who published papers on it may be mentioned H. T. Scheffer (42), T. Bergman, and J. J. Berzelius in Sweden William Lewis in England A. S. Marggraf in Germany and P.-J. Macquer, A. Baume, Count G.-L. Leclerc de Buffon, L.-B. Guyton de Morveau, Rome Delisle, A.-L. Lavoisier, and B. Pelletier (43) in France. 

G.-F. Rouelle, A. S. Marggraf, and others showed experimentally that potash can be extracted from plants without the use of fire (11). In 1764 Marggraf, for example, prepared saltpeter by treating tartar with nitric acid. Since saltpeter was known to contain the vegetable alkali, the latter... 

When A. S. Marggraf tried to prepare alum from alumina and vitriolic acid, he found that unless he added fixed alkali he obtained no crystals (19). In 1777 Lavoisier clearly stated that potash is an essential constituent of alum (18, 20). In analyzing a water containing aluminum sulfate, which the younger Cassini had sent him from Italy, Lavoisier added some potash When he evaporated the solution, he obtained crystals of alum and realized that this was a verification of the results of Marggraf and of Macquer. 

Marggraf, A S, "Chymische Schriften, revised ed., Vol. 1, Arnold Wever,... 

In 1758-59 A. S. Marggraf prepared very pure cubic saltpeter from common salt. After cooling the vessel and breaking the retort, said he, I found m it a saline substance which took fire on glowing charcoal, without the slightest crackling (just as ordinary saltpeter does when very pure) and, as the chemists say, detonated, but with the difference that the flame was yellow for that with ordinary prismatic niter is usually whitish (48). In his next paper, which was entitled Proof that the alkaline part separated from common salt is a true alkaline salt and not an alkaline earth, he mentioned the yellow flash of gunpowder made with cubic saltpeter and the blue (violet) flash of that made with prismatic saltpeter (48). 

Other Magnesian Minerals. In 1760 A. S. Marggraf analyzed some Saxon serpentine, which, because of its property of becoming hard when burned, was then supposed to be a clay, or mineral containing calcium or aluminum. This so-called serpentine-stone said he, which I have used in the following experiments, is that which is found so abundantly in. the Saxon mountains, in the great quarry near Zoplitz, that a brisk... 

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