MAP kinase signaling pathway

Figure 3. MAP kinase regulatory pathway. The MAP kinase signaling pathway begins with activation of the receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) by exogenous signals, such as growth factors and insulin. The signal is then transmitted into the cell via activation of the Raf serine/threonine kinase either directly by the RTK or through the GTP-binding protein, Ras. The signal is then transmitted to the nucleus and to other cytoplasmic proteins via MAPKK and MAPK.

Wasylyk, B., Hagman, J. and Gutierrez-Hartmann, A. Ets transcription factors nuclear effectors of the Ras-MAP-kinase signaling pathway (1998) Trends Biochem Sd 23, 213-216... 

Kawase, T., Okuda, K., Wu, C.H., Yoshie, H., Hara, K., Burns, D.M. Calcitonin gene-related peptide acts as a mitogen for human Gin-1 gingival fibroblasts by activating the MAP kinase signalling pathway, J. Periodontal Res. 1999, 34, 160-168. 

After activation of the TCR, there is induction of Src family tyrosine kinase (p56lek), which phosphorylates phospholipase Oyl. This is followed by the hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, resulting in the production of diacyl-glycerol (DAG) and inositol trisphosphate (IP3). Protein kinase C is activated by DAG, which phosphorylates Ras. Ras is a GTPase and its phosphorylation induces Raf and initiation of MAP kinase signaling pathway. IP3 is involved in calcium-dependent activation of IL-2 gene expression via nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). 

Fig. 3.3 The ERK/MAP kinase signaling pathway cytokines and growth factors activate tyrosine kinase to which the adaptor protein Grb2 binds. This localizes SOS to plasma membrane. RAS is then activated by SOS. Activated RAS then binds to RAF, which forms a transient membraneanchoring signal. Active RAF kinase phosphorylates MEK. The activated MEK phosphorylates ERK1/ERK2, which also migrates to the nucleus to phosphorylate ELK-1, Etsl/2 and CREB, resulting in the activation and expression of respective genes (see Color Insert)...

Dodge-Kafka KL, Kapiloff MS. 2006. The makap signaling complex Integration of camp, calcium, and MAP kinase signaling pathways. Eur J Cell Biol 85 593-602. 

Levin, D.E., Bowers, B., Chen, C.Y., Kamada, Y., and Watanabe, M., 1994, Dissecting the protein kinase C/MAP kinase signalling pathway of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Cell. Mol. Biol. Res. 40 229-239. 

Levin, D.E., and Errede, B., 1995, The proliferation of MAP kinase signaling pathways in yeast. Curr. Opin. Cell. Biol. 7 197-202. 

Fig. 5.7 (A) Arrestin binds to the phosphorylated receptor and deactivates the receptor. (B) Arrestin recruits clathrin to the receptor-arrestin complex and promotes receptor internalization through clathrin-coated pits. Clathrin is like the deck of an aircraft carrier, forming a platform where the receptor-arrestin complex can land . After landing , the receptor-arrestin complex Is transported by the carrier to its destination in the cell. Moreover, arrestin recruits the cytosolic c-Src tyrosine kinase to the arrestin-receptorcomplex and links receptor desensitization to the activation of the MAP kinase signalling pathway. (According to Zuker and Ranganthan. Reproduced with permission of the authors and Science.)...

DNA Polymerase Can Make a Mistalte DMA Methylase Can Make a Mistake RAS and the MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway %ry Simple Version of the MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway Simple Version of the MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway... 

Very Simple Version of the MAP Kinase Signaling Pathway... 

Manganese defuHenev. 803 Mannuronic acid, fP MAP kinase kinase kinase, 900 MAP kinase signaling pathway, 9tX)-901 Maple svrup urine disea.se. thiamine in, 608 ... 

Dhillon AS, Hagan S, Rath O, Kolch W (2007) MAP kinase signalling pathways in cancer. Oncogene 26 3279-3290... 

Luttrell LM, van Biesen T, Hawes BE, et al. G-protein-coupled receptors and then-regulation activation of the MAP kinase signaling pathway by G-protein-coupled receptors. Adv Second Messenger Phosphoprotein Res 1997 31 263-277. 

The enzyme Stel 1 participates in several distinct MAP kinase signaling pathways in the budding yeast S. cerevisiae. What is the substrate for Stel 1 in the mating factor signaling pathway When a yeast cell is stimulated by mating factor, what prevents the induction of filamentation since Stel 1 also participates in the MAP kinase signaling pathway induced by starvation ... 

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