Manufacture of alcohol

Alcohols used in the manufacture of alcohol and alcohol ether sulfates are obtained either by chemical treatment of fats and oils or by petrochemical processes from natural gas or crude oil. In either case the hydrocarbon chain ranging from 8 to 18 carbon atoms corresponding to the composition of coconut oil is the most desirable. 

Polymers. The manufacture of alcohols fiom higher olefins via the oxo process for use m plasticizers is a significant outlet for both linear a-olefins and branched olefins such as heptenes, nonenes, and dodecenes. These olefins are converted into alcohols containing one more carbon number than the original olefin. The alcohols then react with dibasic anhydrides or adds to form PVC plasticizers. The plasticizers produced from the linear olefins have superior volatility and cold-weallier flexibility characteristics, making them an ideal product to use in flexible PVC for automobile interiors. 

Carbon dioxide is a colorless, odorless, nonpoisonous gas. It is produced when fuels are burned in an excess of oxygen and is an end product of food metabolism in humans and animals. Commercially, carbon dioxide is obtained as a by-product of the yeast-catalyzed fermentation of sugar in the manufacture of alcoholic beverages ... 

Gauss, W. F., et al., Manufacture of Alcohol from Cellulosic Materials... 

The long-used manufacturing procedure for ether has been the dehydration of alcohol (denatured with ether) by sulfuric acid. The anesthetic ether is especially purified and packaged. Ether is also supplied as a byproduct from the manufacture of alcohol from ethylene. 

FIGURE 2 Process flow diagram manufacture of alcohol fuel. 

Methanol (methyl alcohol) was originally produced by the destructive distillation of wood chips in the absence of air. This source led to the name wood alcohol. During Prohibition (1919-1933), when the manufacture of alcoholic beverages was prohibited in the United States, anything called alcohol was often used for mixing drinks. Since methanol is more toxic than ethanol, this practice resulted in many cases of blindness and death. 

Malt The product of the controlled germination of barley. Produced as a clear amber to dark brown liquid preparations or as a white to tan powder. Major active principles (1) a-amylase and (2) /3-amylase. Typical applications used in baking used in the manufacture of alcoholic beverages and of syrups. 

Potassium chloride, KC1.—The chloride is found in nature as sylvine in combination as carnallite, KCl,MgCl2,6H20 kainite, KCl,MgS04,3H20 and as douglasite, K2FeCl4,2H20. It is also a constituent of the ashes of plants, and of the residues from the manufacture of alcohol from beet-molasses. 

Molasses. Molasses is the final effluent obtained in the preparation of sugar by repeated crystallization. The sugar it contains cannot be removed economically. The molasses from cane sugar is most commonly known as blackstrap and that from beet is called beet molasses. Molasses is mainly used for the manufacture of ethyl alcohol (ethanol), yeast, and cattle feed. Another use of sweet molasses is in cooking, spreads for bread, topping for pancakes, and in the manufacture of alcoholic beverages. 

A novice manufacturer of alcohol for gasohol is having a bit of difficulty with a distillation column. The operation is shown in Fig. E2.11, Too much alcohol is lost in the bottoms (waste). Calculate the composition of the bottoms and the weight of alcohol lost in the bottoms. 

Honey is used in the manufacturing of alcoholic beverages, i.e., in wine production. In medicine it is prescribed for heart, liver, stomach, skin, and eye illnesses. In the food industry honey is used as a very effective sweetener (25% sweeter than sucrose) a very well binding, concentrating, and covering additive and a taste intensifier. 

The initial manufacture of chemicals from petroleum raw materials was the manufacture of alcohols from olefinic refinery gases by the Standard Oil Co. (N.J.) in 1919 (60), Other pioneering efforts in the field involved synthesis of chemicals from hydrocarbon gases by Carbide and Carbon and the manufacture of oxygenated chemicals from natural gas by Cities Service Oil Co., dating from 1926 (61),... 

Brooks, "The Manufacture of Alcohols from Hydrocarbons with Particular Reference to Petroleum as a Raw Material," Chcm. Rev. 2, 369-435 (1926). 

Reference to Table 30 shows that in 1913 the distilled liquor industry used 4,252,000 bushels of malt and 5,828,000 bushels of unmalted rye. In addition some portion of the corn and molasses consumption of 23,800,000 bushels and 64,600,000 gallons respectively must also be allocated to the liquor industry although larger proportions went into the manufacture of alcohol. 

De Vol, Everett T. A Farmers Practical Treatise on Fermentation, Distillation and General Manufacture of Alcohol from Farm Products with Subsequent Denaturing. Omaha, 1921. 

Manufacture of Alcohol from Cellulose-Containing Material. ... 

In the manufacture of alcohol from cane molasses, the molasses iB diluted, properly acidified, and balanced by adding a nitrogenous compound, usually ammonium sulphate, for the purpose of supplying the yeast with a nitrogen supply. 

The manufacture of alcohol consists of three distinct processes 1st, the conversion of starch into sugar 2d, the fermentation of the saccharine liquid 3d, the separation, by distillation, of the alcohol formed by fermentation. 

Propyl hydroxid—Ethyl carbinol—Primary propyl alcohol— CH3,CH2,CH,0H—60—is produced, along with ethylic alcohol,dur-ing fermentation, and obtained by fractional distillation of marc brandy, from cognac oil, huile de marc (not to be confounded with oil of wine), an oily matter, possessing the flavor of inferior brandy, which separates from marc brandy, distilled at high temperatures and from the residues of manufacture of alcohol from beet-root, grain, molasses, etc. It is a colorless liquid, has a hot alcoholic taste, and a fruity odor boils at 96°.7 (306°.l F.) and is miscible with -water. It has not been put to any use in the arts. Its intoxicating and poisonous actions are greater than those of ethyl alcohol. It exists in small quantity in cider. 

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