Manganese-zinc cells

Individual cells with a lithium anode are designed with the capacity of about 1/20 to 20 Ah. Such cells are released both in conventional nominal sizes (AAA, AA, C, D) and in original alternates, which prevents their assembly in equipment designed for manganese-zinc cells or nickel-cadmium batteries. Nonstandard tabs in the form of flat blades, axial acicular pins, and so on are usually provided in lithium cells to eliminate the possibility of the application of a 3 V lithium cell instead of a 1.5 V... 

Alkaline cells offer the highest energy density (more energy per given volume) of any zinc-manganese dioxide cell, and the manufacturers continue to improve on performance. In 1998, Duracell intro-... 

The capacity of single-use alkaline zinc-air cells is twice that of manganese dioxide-zinc cells. They cost less than silver oxide-Zn batteries or Li batteries. The best example of consumer usage is the hearing-aid button cell. In sealed condition it can be... 

The design of a AA-size alkaline manganese dioxide cell is shown in Fig. 1 (Sec. 3.1). Primary and secondary alkaline batteries are constructed in the same way and can be manufactured on essentially the same machinery. The separator material, electrode formulation, and the Mn02 Zn balance are different. Rechargeable cells are zinc-limited to prevent a discharge beyond the first electron-equivalent of the MnOz reduction. The electrolyte is 7-9 mol L KOH. The electrode reactions are ... 

The problem of low specific surface (which, however, has a beneficial effect on the corrosion rate) cannot be solved so easily. This was one important reason for the development of the alkaline Mn02 / zinc cell known as "alkaline" or "PAM" (primary alkaline manganese dioxide). 

This trend also applies to the "reusable version of the manganese dioxide/zinc cell, which came onto the consumer market in... 

Soon it became evident that the zinc anode, working in both cases under capacity-limiting conditions, causes severe troubles too. Whereas in the zinc/air system the anode automatically limits the discharge (because access to oxygen from the air is practically unlimited), the anode limitation in zinc/manganese dioxide cells has another reason Kordesch and co-workers... 

As the paste separator is relatively thick compared with the paper liner, about 10% or more manganese dioxide can be accommodated in a paper-lined cell, resulting in a proportional increase in capacity. The pasted separator carbon—zinc cells were phased out more then a decade ago. All the cells made since then are paper-lined constructions. 

The alkaline manganese dioxide cell is most widely available either as standard sized cylindrical cells with capacities ranging from 0.6 to 22 Ah or as button cells. Batteries having a wide variety of capacities and voltages are also readily available. These are all interchangeable with Leclanche and zinc chloride cells. 

Other cathodes which have been studied include CuO and NiO(OH). The energy densities of a number of systems (including alkaline manganese and air-depolarized zinc cells for comparison) are given in Table 3.2. 

The manufacture of secondary batteries based on aqueous electrolytes forms a major part of the world electrochemical industry. Of this sector, the lead-acid system (and in particular SLI power sources), as described in the last chapter, is by far the most important component, but secondary alkaline cells form a significant and distinct commercial market. They are more expensive, but are particularly suited for consumer products which have relatively low capacity requirements. They are also used where good low temperature characteristics, robustness and low maintenance are important, such as in aircraft applications. Until recently the secondary alkaline industry has been dominated by the cadmium-nickel oxide ( nickel-cadmium ) cell, but two new systems are making major inroads, and may eventually displace the cadmium-nickel oxide cell - at least in the sealed cell market. These are the so-called nickel-metal hydride cell and the rechargeable zinc-manganese dioxide cell. There are also a group of important but more specialized alkaline cell systems which are in use or are under further development for traction, submarine and other applications. 

Cylindrical alkaline cells are zinc-manganese dioxide cells having an alkaline electrolyte, which arc constructed in the standard cylindrical sizes, R2D D, R14 C . R6 AA , ROT AAA, as well as a few other less common sizes, llley can be used in the same types of devices as ordinary Leclanchd and zinc chloride cells. Moreover, die high level of performance makes them ideally suited for applications such as toys, audio devices, and cameras. 

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