Manganese upper intake levels

Sources Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium, Phosphorous, Magnesium, Vitamin D, and Huoride (1997) Dietary Reference Intakes for Thiamin, Riboflavin, Niacin, Vitamin 85, Folate, Vitamin B12, Pantothenic Acid, Biotin, and Choline (1998) EHetary Reference Intakes for Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Selenium, and Carotenoids (2000) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc (2001) Dietary Reference Intakes for Water, Potassium, Sodium, Chloride, and Sulfate (2005) and EHetary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D (2011). These reports may be accessed via www.nap.edu A Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects to almost all individuals in the general population. Unless otherwise specified, the UL represents total intake from food, water, and supplements. Due to a lack of suitable data, ULs could not be established for vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B12, pantothenic acid, biotin, and carotenoids. In the absence of a UL, extra caution may be warranted in consuming levels above recommended intakes. Members of the general population should be advised not to routinely exceed the UL. The UL is not meant to ply to individuals who are treated with the nutrient under medical supervision or to individuals with predisposing conditions that modify their sensitivity to the nutrient... 

Evidence of widespread manganese deficiency in human populations is lacking. Typically, manganese intakes approximate the 2001 US Institute of Medicine s suggested adequate intakes as follows 3 [tg/day for infants 0-6 months old, 0.6 mg/day for infants 7-12 months old, 1.2-1.9 mg/day for children 1-13 years old, 1.6-2.2 mg/day for older children, and 1.8-2.6 mg/day for adults. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of a daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals. The Institute of Medicine s recommended intakes for manganese set ULs at 2, 3, and 6 mg/day for children 1-3, 4—8, and 9-13 years old, respectively. Values were set at 9 mg/day for adolescents 14—18 years old and at 11 mg/day for adults. 

Because of lack of information on manganese dietary requirements, the Food and Nutrition Board has set an AI level for adults at 2.3 mg/day for males and 1.8 mg/day for females. A tolerable upper intake limit of 11 mg/day was set for adults based on no observed effect for... 

Institute of Medicine. (2001). Dietary reference intakes for vitamin A, vitamin K, arsenic, boron, chromium, copper, iodine, iron, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, silicon, vanadium, and zinc. A Report of the Panel of Micronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and of Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes. National Academy Press, Washington, DC. 

The upper range of the estimated safe and adequate daily dietary intake of 5 mg/day (NRC 1989) has been adopted as a provisional guidance value (0.07 mg/kg/day) for oral exposure to manganese. This guidance is necessary because, although manganese is an essential nutrient, its prevalence at hazardous waste sites puts some individuals at risk for exposure to toxic levels. 

Phosphorus is absorbed chiefly in the upper small intestine, the duodenum. The amount absorbed is dependent on several factors, such as source, calcium phosphorus ratio, intestinal pH, lactose intake, and dietary levels of calcium, phosphorus, vitamin D, iron, aluminum, manganese, potassium, and fat. As is the case for most nutrients, the greater the need, the more efficient the absorption. Absorption increases, although not proportionally, with increased intake. 

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