Manganese 1- phenols

Titanium Manganese Phenols, total Aluminum Barium... 

Biochemical Routes. Enzymatic oxidation of benzene or phenol leading to dilute solution of dihydroxybenzenes is known (62). Glucose can be converted into quinic acid [77-95-2] by fermentation. The quinic acid is subsequently oxidized to hydroquinone and -benzoquinone with manganese dioxide (63). 

Phenols. Phenols are unreactive toward chloroformates at room temperature and at elevated temperatures the yields of carbonates are relatively poor (< 10%) in the absence of catalysis. Many catalysts have been claimed in the patent Hterature that lead to high yields of carbonates from phenol and chloroformates. The use of catalyst is even more essential in the reaction of phenols and aryl chloroformates. Among the catalysts claimed are amphoteric metals or thek haUdes (16), magnesium haUdes (17), magnesium or manganese (18), secondary or tertiary amines such as imidazole (19), pyridine, quinoline, picoline (20—22), heterocycHc basic compounds (23) and carbonamides, thiocarbonamides, phosphoroamides, and sulfonamides (24). 

At present, chlorine dioxide is primarily used as a bleaching chemical in the pulp and paper industry. It is also used in large amounts by the textile industry, as well as for the aching of flour, fats, oils, and waxes. In treating drinking water, chlorine dioxide is used in this country for taste and odor control, decolorization, disinfection, provision of residual disinfectant in water distribution systems, and oxidation of iron, manganese, and organics. The principal use of chlorine dioxide in the United States is for the removal of taste and odor caused by phenolic compounds in raw water supplies. 

Nickel peroxide is a solid, insoluble oxidant prepared by reaction of nickel (II) salts with hypochlorite or ozone in aqueous alkaline solution. This reagent when used in nonpolar medium is similar to, but more reactive than, activated manganese dioxide in selectively oxidizing allylic or acetylenic alcohols. It also reacts rapidly with amines, phenols, hydrazones and sulfides so that selective oxidation of allylic alcohols in the presence of these functionalities may not be possible. In basic media the oxidizing power of nickel peroxide is increased and saturated primary alcohols can be oxidized directly to carboxylic acids. In the presence of ammonia at —20°, primary allylic alcohols give amides while at elevated temperatures nitriles are formed. At elevated temperatures efficient cleavage of a-glycols, a-ketols... 

The permanganate oxidation of phenols is complicated by the intervention of lower oxidation states of manganese, (c/. the oxidation of toluene, p. 298). For example, the oxidation of 2,6-dinitrophenol in weakly acidic solution displays an induction period, following second-order kinetics thereafter. However, addition of potassium fluoride inhibits reaction almost completely, but manganous ions strongly accelerate it. 

The degradation of chlorinated phenols has been examined with the white-rot basidiomy-cete Phanerochaete chrysosporium under conditions of nitrogen limitation, and apparently involves both lignin peroxidase and manganese-dependent peroxidase activities (Valli and Gold 1991). 

Now the possible explanation for the greater degradation of phenol by the cerium doped copper crystals than those of either cobalt or manganese ions could... 

Hu, B., Chen, C., Frueh, S.J., Jin, L., Joesten, R. and Suib, S.L. (2010) Removal of aqueous phenol by adsorption and oxidation with doped hydrophobic cryptomelane-type manganese oxide (K-OMS-2) nanofibers. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 114, 9835-9844. 

Incorporation of phenols (lignin) Manganese and iron peroxidases (plants)... 

Manganese dioxide on bentonite clay has also been used for oxidation of phenols to quinones (30-100%) [97] and Mn02 on silica effects the dehydrogenation of pyrrolidines (58-96%) [98]. 

Shindo H, Huang PM (1984) Catalytic effects of manganese (IV), iron (III), aluminum, and silicon oxides on the formation of phenolic polymers. Soil Sci Soc Am J 48 927-934... 

Depending on the number of coordinated phenolates in the precursor complexes, it has been possible to generate and characterize a (phenoxyl) manga-nese(III) species [Mnm(L BuM<,)(Bu2acac)]2+ or a (phenoxyl)manganese(IV) species [MnIV(LBuMet )]2+. 

A suitable example is Cl Acid Blue 27 (6.37 X = NHCH3), which is made from 4-bromo-l-methylaminoanthraquinone by nucleophilic displacement followed by sulphonation. Some commercial acid dyes based on 1,4-diaminoanthraquinone contain substituents in both the 2- and the 3-positions. Thus, for example, Cl Acid Violet 41 (6.38) is produced by the condensation of l,4-diamino-2,3-dichloroanthraquinone with phenol in the presence of sodium sulphite and manganese dioxide. 

Hydrous Manganese oxides, widely distributed in natural systems, are stronger oxidants than iron(III)(hydr)oxide. These oxides readily oxidize many natural and xenobiotic organic compounds. Various substituted phenols, naturally present in... 

Rates of reductive dissolution of amorphous manganese (111,1V) oxide particles decrease as the electrode half-wave potentials of the substituted phenols (as reported by Suatoni et al., 1961) increase (4.8 x 10 5 M total manganese, pH 4.4). 

Stone, A. T. (1987), "Reductive Dissolution of Manganese(III/IV)Oxides by Substitute Phenols", Environ. Sci. Technol. 21, 979-988. 

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