Manganese biology

Medical and Biologic Effects of Environmental Pollutants-Manganese, Division of Medical Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy of Sciences, 1973. 

Conversion of the nitrile to the amide has been achieved by both chemical and biological means. Several patents have described the use of modified Raney nickel catalysts ia this appHcation (25,26). Also, alkaH metal perborates have demonstrated their utiHty (27). Typically, the hydrolysis is conducted ia the presence of sodium hydroxide (28—31). Owiag to the fact that the rate of hydrolysis of the nitrile to the amide is fast as compared to the hydrolysis of the amide to the acid, good yields of the amide are obtained. Other catalysts such as magnesium oxide (32), ammonia (28,29,33), and manganese dioxide (34) have also been employed. 

Sodium hexakis(formato)molybdate, 3, 1235 Sodium hypochlorite alkene epoxidation manganese catalysts, 6,378 Sodium ions biology, 6, 559 selective binding biology, 6, 551 Sodium molybdate, 3, 1230 Sodium peroxoborate, 3,101 Sodium/potassium ATPase, 6, 555 vanadate inhibition, 3, 567 Sodium pump, 6, 555 mechanism, 6, 556 Sodium pyroantimonate, 3, 265 Sodium salts... 

Kucera J, and Soukal L (1998) Low uncertainty determination of manganese and vanadium in environmental and biological reference materials by instrumental neutron activation analysis. Fresenius J Anal Chem 360 415-418. 

Yocum, C.F. and Pecoraro, V.C. (1999). Recent advances in understanding the biological chemistry of manganese. Curr. Opin. Chem. Biol., 3, 182-187... 

W.C. Stallings, C. Bull, J.A. Fee, M.S. Lah, and M.L. Ludwig, Iron and manganese superoxide dismutases catalytic inferences from the structures. Current Communications in Cell Molecular Biology. 5, 193-211 (1992). 

J. R. In Metal Ions in Biological Systems. Volume 37. Manganese and its Role in Biological Processes Eds. Sigel, A. Sigel, H. Marcel Dekker New York, 2000. 

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