Management practice transitions

Hungary was a transit country for illegal transportation of hazardous waste to East- and South-East-European countries. Up to very recently only 3% of total amount of 10 million tonnes of industrial waste was recycled. Sixty % of dump sites do not satisfy environmental protection specifications. Present waste management practice is also unacceptable. 

Rapid intestinal transit may result in a false-positive breath test, in particular when hyperosmolar nonabsorbable substrates are used. A false-negative outcome in patients with culture-proven Gram-negative bacilli in the upper gut further query the sensitivity and usefulness of breath tests for clinical practice [10-13]. Positive microbial culture from small intestine is thus advantageous when major alterations of clinical management are considered. 

In spectroscopy we may distinguish two types of process, adiabatic and vertical. Adiabatic excitation energies are by definition thermodynamic ones, and they are usually further defined to refer to at 0° K. In practice, at least for electronic spectroscopy, one is more likely to observe vertical processes, because of the Franck-Condon principle. The simplest principle for understandings solvation effects on vertical electronic transitions is the two-response-time model in which the solvent is assumed to have a fast response time associated with electronic polarization and a slow response time associated with translational, librational, and vibrational motions of the nuclei.92 One assumes that electronic excitation is slow compared with electronic response but fast compared with nuclear response. The latter assumption is quite reasonable, but the former is questionable since the time scale of electronic excitation is quite comparable to solvent electronic polarization (consider, e.g., the excitation of a 4.5 eV n — n carbonyl transition in a solvent whose frequency response is centered at 10 eV the corresponding time scales are 10 15 s and 2 x 10 15 s respectively). A theory that takes account of the similarity of these time scales would be very difficult, involving explicit electron correlation between the solute and the macroscopic solvent. One can, however, treat the limit where the solvent electronic response is fast compared to solute electronic transitions this is called the direct reaction field (DRF). 49,93 The accurate answer must lie somewhere between the SCRF and DRF limits 94 nevertheless one can obtain very useful results with a two-time-scale version of the more manageable SCRF limit, as illustrated by a very successful recent treatment... 

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