Mammalian cell cultures Marking

Cell culture, particularly mammalian cell culture, processes enable the production of new, hitherto unknown drugs, the biopharmaceuticals. The year 2001 marked a turning point in the development of biopharmaceuticals, insofar as it was the first time that more new biological entities (NBEs) than... 

Although the use of simple test systems to predict genetic effects in whole mammals is desirable, comparison of dosages in submammalian systems with human exposure is extremely complex. The nature of the exposure, cellular toxicity, and units of measurement differ markedly from one type of organism to another. Molecular dosimetry that measures adducts in DNA is promising,1-3 237-239 jjUt the ability to relate exposures in short-term test systems, including mammalian cell cultures, to human risks is primitive. There are much better grounds for qualitative than for quantitative extrapolation. 

The above definition of toxicity is concerned with living animals, i.e. in vivo studies. Toxicity can also be measured in vitro using mammalian cell or bacterial cultures or subcellular fractions (e.g. for mechanistic studies). However, such toxicity estimates made in vitro may not always reflect accurately the toxicity of a chemical to mammals since absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion in vivo can markedly alter the profile of toxicity (82UP10502) (see also Section 1.05.2.6). 

Subak-Sharpe, J. H., Burk, R. R., and Pitts, J. D., Metabolic cooperation between biochemically marked mammalian cells in tissue culture. J. CeU Scl 4, 353-367 (1969). 

To determine the relative Importance of various types of fla-vonold-lnduced genetic damage In cultured mammalian cells. Carver et al. (1983) measured the frequencies of chromosomal aberration, gene mutation at four different loci, and sister chromatid exchange In single populations of Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to quercetin, kaempferol, and galangin (3,5,7-trlhydroxy-flavone). After fifteen hours of exposure, the frequency of chromosomal aberration was markedly Increased by all three compounds. Little or no Increase In the frequencies of mutation at the hqprt. aprt. or Na/K-ATPase loci, or In the frequency of... 

Metabolic cooperation between biochemically marked mammalian cells in tissue culture. 

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