Maleic acid Methyl-aniline

Surfactant- and Amphiphilic Acid-Assisted Synthesis PANI-NTs have been prepared by the oxidative polymerization of aniline with APS in an aqueous solution in the presence of SDS [82,328], SDBS [329], a mixture of ionic surfactants (CTAB and SDBS) [204], polymeric acids [330] e.g. poly(methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid) [331-334] (Figure 2.16), poly(3-thiopheneacetic acid) [70], PSSA and PAA (Figure 2.16) [333],... 

Figure 2.16 SEM and TEM images of PANI-NTs obtained from solutions that contained different polymeric acids (A) PSSA, (B) PAA and (C) poly (methyl vinyl ether-alt-maleic acid). The synthesis conditions were 0.1 M aniline, 2 wt% of the polyacid, which were reacted for 16 h at 3°C. (Reprinted with permission from Current Applied Physics, Polyaniline nanotubes doped with polymeric acids by L. Zhang, H. Peng, J. Sui et al., 8, 3, 312-315. Copyright (2008) Elsevier Ltd)...

Process Economics Program Report SRI International. Menlo Park, CA, Isocyanates IE, Propylene Oxide 2E, Vinyl Chloride 5D, Terephthalic Acid and Dimethyl Terephthalate 9E, Phenol 22C, Xylene Separation 25C, BTX, Aromatics 30A, o-Xylene 34 A, m-Xylene 25 A, p-Xylene 93-3-4, Ethylbenzene/Styrene 33C, Phthalic Anhydride 34B, Glycerine and Intermediates 58, Aniline and Derivatives 76C, Bisphenol A and Phosgene 81, C1 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 126, Chlorinated Solvent 48, Chlorofluorocarbon Alternatives 201, Reforming for BTX 129, Aromatics Processes 182 A, Propylene Oxide Derivatives 198, Acetaldehyde 24 A2, 91-1-3, Acetic Acid 37 B, Acetylene 16A, Adipic Acid 3 B, Ammonia 44 A, Caprolactam 7 C, Carbon Disulfide 171 A, Cumene 92-3-4, 22 B, 219, MDA 1 D, Ethanol 53 A, 85-2-4, Ethylene Dichloride/Vinyl Chloride 5 C, Formaldehyde 23 A, Hexamethylenediamine (HMDA) 31 B, Hydrogen Cyanide 76-3-4, Maleic Anhydride 46 C, Methane (Natural Gas) 191, Synthesis Gas 146, 148, 191 A, Methanol 148, 43 B, 93-2-2, Methyl Methacrylate 11 D, Nylon 6-41 B, Nylon 6,6-54 B, Ethylene/Propylene 29 A, Urea 56 A, Vinyl Acetate 15 A. 

Desulfurization of petroleum feedstock (FBR), catalytic cracking (MBR or FI BR), hydrodewaxing (FBR), steam reforming of methane or naphtha (FBR), water-gas shift (CO conversion) reaction (FBR-A), ammonia synthesis (FBR-A), methanol from synthesis gas (FBR), oxidation of sulfur dioxide (FBR-A), isomerization of xylenes (FBR-A), catalytic reforming of naphtha (FBR-A), reduction of nitrobenzene to aniline (FBR), butadiene from n-butanes (FBR-A), ethylbenzene by alkylation of benzene (FBR), dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene to styrene (FBR), methyl ethyl ketone from sec-butyl alcohol (by dehydrogenation) (FBR), formaldehyde from methanol (FBR), disproportionation of toluene (FBR-A), dehydration of ethanol (FBR-A), dimethylaniline from aniline and methanol (FBR), vinyl chloride from acetone (FBR), vinyl acetate from acetylene and acetic acid (FBR), phosgene from carbon monoxide (FBR), dichloroethane by oxichlorination of ethylene (FBR), oxidation of ethylene to ethylene oxide (FBR), oxidation of benzene to maleic anhydride (FBR), oxidation of toluene to benzaldehyde (FBR), phthalic anhydride from o-xylene (FBR), furane from butadiene (FBR), acrylonitrile by ammoxidation of propylene (FI BR)... 

Unsaturated polyester resins are mainly made by condensing a dibasic acid (1,2-propanediol) with an anhydride (maleic or phthalic anhydrides), by forming ester linkages between the dibasic acid (or their anhydrides) and glycols. Then a reactive monomer (mostly styrene or vinyl toluene, MMA or diallyl phthalate) is used to crosslink the system when needed. Unsaturated denotes the uncompleted chemical activity (double bond) in the original structure, which are used for crosslinking afterwards. In this context, an excess of styrene as the crosslinker (10 to 50 %) is usually added to have it ready in the system, as well as to reduce the viscosity. There are also certain accelerators used (such as, cobalt naphthenate or tertiary amines like dimethyl aniline) to facilitate the cure at ambient temperatures. In addition, there may be pigments, fillers, various inhibitors, accelerators, stabilisers and flame retardants, added to the system. Polymerisation is activated whenever a catalyst (i.e., benzoyl or methyl-ethyl-ketone peroxide) is added. 

Free-radical copolymerization of alkyl vinyl ethers has been carried out with the following typical monomers acrylic acid (bulk and emulsion) [39,40], acrylonitrile (emulsion) [26,27], acrylic esters (emulsion) [41], methyl methacrylate (bulk) [42], maleic anhydride (solution) [43], vinyl acetate (bulk and emulsion) [27,44,45], and vinyl chloride (emulsion) [26, 37,46]. The properties of these and other copolymers are described in a technical bulletin by General Aniline Film Corporation [38]. 

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