Major organic components

RF Frayne. Direct analysis of the major organic components in grape must and wine using high performance liquid chromatography. Am J Enol Vitic 37(4) 281-287, 1986. 

The major organic components of surfactants will support biodegradation the only question is to what extent and how quickly this is achieved. In view of the large volumes of surfactants which find their way via direct or diffuse routes into the aquatic environments, it is important to understand biodegradability in the context of the potential risks to the environment. 

The major organic component in hone is collagen, which constitutes some 90 to 96% of the dry fat-free organic matter Collagen is a long fibrous protein, two-thirds of which is formed of only four amino acids Collagen is about 33% glycine, 11% alanine, and 22% proline and hydroxyproline (13) ... 

Table 2 Major organic components of plant and microbial resources determined by wet chemical methods.

Typical organic components in representative, mature biomass species are shown in Table 3.9 along with the corresponding ash contents. With few exceptions, the order of abundance of the major organic components in whole-plant samples of terrestrial biomass is celluloses, hemicelluloses, lignins, and proteins. Aquatic biomass does not appear to follow this trend. The cellulosic components are often much lower in concentration than the hemicelluloses as illustrated by the data for water hyacinth. Other carbohydrates and derivatives are dominant in species such as giant brown kelp to almost complete exclusion of the celluloses. The hemicelluloses and lignins have not been found in this species. 

Knowledge of the chemical structures of the major organic components in biomass is quite valuable in the development of processes for producing derived fuels and chemicals. Information on the chemical structures can often lead to methods of improving existing processes and to development of advanced conversion methods. Somewhat more detailed information on the chemical structures of the major components in biomass is presented here. 

FIydroxybutanoic acid is a major organic component of kraft black liquors from hardwood pulping, but is formed only in trace quantities from the degradation of glucose polymers. It seems likely that it arises from the xylan by a process along the lines of that illustrated in Figure 6.13. 

Table XII. Major Organic Components of Noncuticular Insect Structures3...

Major organic component(s) Amelogenins and enamelins Enamelin-like protein Type I collagen... 

Natural Products - Some natural sucrose and trehalose polyesters are referred to above. P-Sophorosyl octadec-11-enoate was the major organic component extracted from the membranes of the bacterium Sarcina ventricula. ... 

Chitin, a major organic component of the exoskeleton of insects,2 can be de-N-acetylated to prepare chitosan. On chemical sulfation and/or carboxymethylation, chitosan affords a polyanion with certain structural and activity similarities to heparin.20... 

Chitin is related to cellulose in structure. It makes up the major organic component of the exoskeletons of arthropods such as insects, crabs, and so forth. This is the largest class of organisms, outside of bacteria, and comprises some 900,000 known species, more than are found in all other classes of organisms put together and therefore represents a substantial amount of carbohydrate on the Earth. 

Major organic components of the mobile phase Minor components of the mobile phase Choice of mobile phase system Achieving and Modifying a Separation Sample preparation Initial conditions Improving separation Other problems Apres Chromatography Scale-up... 

Chitinase induction in estuarine sediments was documented. Although the polymer chitin (poly-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine) is the major organic component of all arthropod exoskeletons and is prolific in the diatoms, there has been no demonstration of the chit in-induced hydrolytic enzymes (chitinases) responsible for the extracellular digestion of these ubiquitous chitins. Blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) exoskeleton was dosed into compacted anaerobic muds. Subsequent incubation for 30 d under aerobic ambient seawater conditions (28° C 12-15 ppt salinity) resulted in significant increases of chitinase in amended sediment as compared to controls which had... 

---