Major and trace elements

Although XRF is generally the X-ray spectrometry method of choice for analysis of major and trace elements in bulk specimens, useful PIXE measurements can be made. A detailed review of the main considerations for thick-target PEXE provides guidance for trace analysis with known and unknown matrices and bulk analysis when the constituents are unknown. Campbell and Cookson also discuss the increased importance of secondary fluorescence and geometrical accuracy for bulk measurements. 

Hancock, R.G.V., Grynpas, M.D., Akessorr, K., Obrant, K.B., Tumquist, J. and Kessler, M.J. 1994 Baselines and variabilities of major and trace elements in bone. In Lambert, J. and Grupe, G., eds.. Prehistoric Bone Archaeology at the Molecular Level. Berlin, Springer-Verlag 189-201. 

Gromet, L.P., Dymek, R.F., Haskin, L.A. and Korotev, R.L. (1984) The North American shale composite Its compilation, major and trace element characteristics. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 98, 2469-2482. 

Wood, D.A., Jordon, J.L., Marsh, N.G., Tamey, J. and Greuil, M. (1980) Major and trace element variations drilled in basalts from the North Philippine Sea during Deep Sea Drilling Project Leg 58 A comparative study of back-arc basin basalts with lava series from Japan and midocean ridges. Deep Sea Drilling Project, Initial Reports, 58, 827—894. 

Pearce NJG, Perkins WT, Westgatb JA, Gorton MP, Jackson SE, Neal CR, Chenery SP (1997) A compilation of new and pubUshed major and trace element data for NIST SRM 610 and SRM 612 partially certified glass reference materials. Geostds Newslett The Journal of Geostandards and Geoanalysis 21 115-144. 

Asimow PD (1999) A model ttot reconciles major- and trace-element data from abyssal peridotites. Earth Planet Sci Lett 169 303-319... 

Numerous studies on lavas from the Hawaiian Islands have shown that over the lifespan of a volcano, the major- and trace-element chemistry of the erupted basalts vary significantly and systematically (MacDonald and Katsura 1964 Chen and Frey 1985). This variation is believed to be the result of movement of the Pacific plate, over the... 

Destructive, although very small samples are required major and trace elements can be determined Nondestructive Nondestructive, but samples remain radioactive for some time after analysis Nondestructive... 

Calcium and magnesium are the major cations (co-)precipitating trace elements as carbonate. Trace elements are also precipitated as sulfate or phosphate. Solubility and reactions of carbonates, sulfates and phosphates of selected major and trace elements are in Table 3.9. 

Table 3.9. Solubility product constants of common compounds and minerals of selected major and trace elements at 25 °Ca...

Dissolution of Major and Trace Elements by NaOAc-HOAc at Various pHs... 

Extraction of the CARB fraction by the NaOAc-HOAc solution at various pHs resulted in the larger differences obtained in the subsequent fractions, i.e., ERO fraction, OM fraction, and to some extent, the RO fraction (Figs. 4.4 and 4.5). Extraction of the CARB fraction by NaOAc-HOAc solutions at pH 6.0 and 7.0 usually led to higher contents of major and trace elements in the ERO fraction than that by the buffer solutions at pH 4.0 and 5.0. This was especially obvious for Ca and Mg in calcareous soils. Metal extraction from the OM and RO fractions after extraction of the CARB fraction by the NaOAc-HOAc solutions at pH 7.0 and 6.0 were also higher than those extracted by the buffer solutions at pH 4.0 and 5.0, as shown in Figs. 4.4 and 4.5. 

Negrel Ph, Allegre CJ, Dupre B, Lewin E (1993) Erosion sources determined by inversion of major and trace element ratios and strontium isotopic ratios in river water the Congo Basin case. Earth Planet Sci Lett 120 59-76... 

Petelet-Giraud E, Negrel P (2007) Geochemical flood deconvolution in a Mediterranean catchment (Herault, France) by Sr isotopes, major and trace elements. J Hydrol 337 (l-2) 224—241... 

Both direct and indirect methods were tested in the Lisbon area. Direct methods include the assessment of hydrocarbon compositional signatures in surface soils, outcrop fracture-fill soils and mosses, and 6-ft (2 m) deep free-gas samples. Indirect methods pertain to the major and trace element chemistry of soils to look for alteration effects resulting from hydrocarbon microseepage. 

Morrison, J.M., Goldhaber, M.B., Holloway, J.M., Smith, D.B. 2008. Major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from northern... 

At each site, soils representing 0-to-5 cm depth, and the A, and C horizons, if present, were collected and analyzed for more than 40 major and trace elements. Soils from 0-to-5 cm depth also were analyzed of a suite of organic compounds. 

At the continental- to subcontinental-scale the relative proportions of major minerals in soils are largely controlled by parent material and climate factors. In turn, the distributions of many major and trace elements are strongly influenced by soil mineralogy, especially the presence or absence of quartz (Eberl Smith 2009 Bern 2009). 

Smith, D.B., Cannon, W.F., Woodruff, L.G., Garrett, R.G., Klassen, R.D., Kilburn, J.E., Horton, J.D., King, H.D., Goldhaber, M.B., Morrison, J.M. 2005. Major- and trace-element concentrations in soils from two continental-scale transects of the United States and Canada. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2005-1253. 

Hydrogeochemical processes governing the origin, transport, and fate of major and trace elements from mine wastes and mineralized rock... 

A total of 185 emission lines for both major and trace elements were attributed from each LIBS broadband spectrum. Then background-corrected, summed, and normalized intensities were calculated for 18 selected emission lines and 153 emission line ratios were generated. Finally, the summed intensities and ratios were used as input variables to multivariate statistical chemometric models. A total of 3100 spectra were used to generate Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) models and test sets. 

Sand samples were dried at 110 °C and treated with lithium meta and tetraborate to make pressed powder pellets. They were analysed using a X-ray fluorescence Siemens SRS3000 equipment for major and trace elements. For major and trace elements precision is valuated in terms of relative standard deviation being < 1% (Sutarno Steger 1985). 

Hollocher, K. and Ruiz, J. (1995). Major and trace-element determinations on NIST glass standard reference material-611, material-612, material-614, and material-1834 by inductively-coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Geostandards Newsletter 19 27-34. 

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