Magnitude of effect

Although this is generally the sequence in which the five actions would be considered, this sequence will not always be correct. The best sequence in which to consider the five actions will depend on the process. The magnitude of effect each action will have on waste minimization will vary for different processes. 

In addition to the frequency considerations attendant to the examination of polymorphisms or haplotypes, one must also consider the impact of possible differences in the magnitude of effects of any putative loci. The magnitude of any effects is denoted as "scale" effects based on the notion from quantitative genetics that there will be a displacement from the overall population mean for a trait that is dependent on genotype. To illustrate the effects of scale and frequency, consider two well-known examples of genetic effects. These are the effect of the apolipoprotein E (apo E) polymorphism on cholesterol levels and the impact of the familial hypercholesterolemia polymorphism on cholesterol levels. 

Note that the testing for trend is seen as a more sensitive way of picking up a possible treatment effect than simple pairwise comparisons of treated and control groups. Attempting to estimate the magnitude of effects at low doses, typically below the lowest positive dose tested in the study, is a much more complex procedure, and is heavily dependent on the assumed functional form of the dose-response relationship. 

Environmental risk assessment of substances is nowadays based on an evaluation of exposure pathways and concentrations on the one hand and identification and selection of sensitive endpoints on the other. The concept is operationalised by comparing real or estimated (predicted) exposure concentrations (PEC) with calculated no-effect concentrations (NEC or PNEC, predicted NEC). The comparison can be made by calculating the quotient of exposure and no-effect concentration. If the quotient is less than one, then the substance poses no significant risk to the environment. If the quotient is greater than one, the substance may pose a risk, and further action is required, e.g. a more thorough analysis of probability and magnitude of effects will be carried out. 

In addition to these critical elements, it is often useful to establish a dose-response relationship in a study. That is, to show that the size of the dose changes the magnitude of effect. This is accomplished by multiple experimental groups, each receiving a different dose. Showing a dose-response relationship supports the pharmacological nature of the effect and also helps establish the appropriate dose range for clinical treatment. 

Further, it concern the relationship between drug concentrations and the magnitude of effect. Mechanism of Drug Action... 

Steepness index - Ratio between the ID 50 and MFD50. A high steepness index indicates that the magnitude of effects will increase more rapidly as the dose is increased. 

Drugs that cause induction or inhibition of enzymes may affect the metabolism of concomitantly administered drugs, as well as of hormones and other endogenous substances. For this reason, such properties are considered undesirable, and sometimes they might constitute sufficient reason to discontinue drug development. At the very least, studies will be required to assess the magnitude of effect of likely interactions. Metabolic and toxicity studies in animals will... 

Risk Two definitions are commonly used. The 1st states that risk is the probability of a prescribed undesired effect. The 2nd states that risk is the relationship between probability and magnitude of effect. 

Gas-absorption rates furnish another test of the magnitude of effect (i). If the gas is pure (e.g., CO2 at a partial pressure of 1 atm.), and is absorbing into stirred liquid, then the momentum-transfer term ijiRci is always negligible thus an interfacial film can reduce 2 only through effect (i) above. The results of Davies and Kilner (1, M) show that for the absorption of CO2 into water, the limiting value of factor (i), by which the film reduces /c2, is 1.9 (i.e., 1.96/1.04). This may be compared with the figure of 2.2 quoted above for the ethylacetate-water system. 

Sperm parameters decreased sperm counts Mating usually unaffected Fertility depending on magnitude of effect either unaffected, fecundity (number of offspring sired) reduced or males infertile... 

Centre effects. None of the study centres should dominate the overall result, neither in terms of number of subjects nor in terms of magnitude of effect... 

An often-misunderstood principle is that concentration in the blood rises until the rate of absorption equals the rate at which drug is being removed from the body (the so-called peak). This peak does not occur when absorption is complete but rather when the rate of absorption equals the rate of elimination. The time to peak is therefore determined by both absorption and elimination rates in the individual patient. Patients with faster elimination will have earlier peaks than will patients with slower elimination, even when the rate of drug absorption is the same (Fig. 4.2). The extent of absorption is usually expressed as the fraction absorbed or bioavailability. This is an important determinant of drug action. While rate and extent of absorption are related, they are different. In general, the onset and magnitude of effects are related to the rate of absorption, while the average steady state concentrations are related to the extent of absorption. 

These preliminary observations demonstrate the feasibility of applying pharmacogenetics from the start of clinical development and the potential to elucidate relevant hypotheses from a relatively small sample size, although the results require replication and validation. Testing these hypotheses will require confirmation in a larger patient population (i.e., from phase 11/111 studies), which should also enable an assessment of the magnitude of effect and attributable risk. 

X is the rank-two conductivity tensor for a particular material. In Eq. 1.24, x is the material property that relates both the magnitude of effect Jq to the cause E and their directions—Jq is not necessarily parallel to E. 

Le Bars, P.L., Magnitude of effect and special approach to ginkgo biloba extract EGb 761 in cognitive disorders. Pharmacopsychiatry, Jun, 36 Suppl 1, S44-49, 2003. 

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