Magnitude calculation

Do an order-of-magnitude calculation for the nonisothermal effectiveness factor. 

The absolute determination of coverage is much more difficult. The formalism is well known, i.e., it is possible to go from the intensity of a spectral ion to the concentration material on the surface, but this can only be worked out if the transition dipole moment is known. A very rough order of magnitude version of this can, however, usually be obtained by analogy (rather than by quantum mechanical calculation) so that somewhat better than an order of magnitude calculation of the coverage of the surface radicals can be given. 

As far as the second part of the supposition 2 is concerned, namely that initiation is by addition of an A1X2 ion to the monomer (reaction (8)), there is as yet no direct evidence for it moreover, such evidence is very difficult to obtain. The problem is that of identifying a C-Al bond in concentrations which are likely to be in the micro-molar range. An approximate order-of-magnitude calculation may illustrate the difficulty of the task. 

Note If the FT in ti has been applied with PHmod for Fl accidentally set to no, choose the Magnitude spectrum submenu from the Process pull-down menu and select the command of Fl columns [xfim] for a subsequent magnitude calculation. 

The relative significance of these stress components can be estimated by the following order-of-magnitude calculations... 

The first stages of an electrochemical remediation would involve surrounding the contaminated soil with a number of stanchion -type electrodes placed within the soil to a suitable depth, with a central counter-electrode, and applying an electric field between the two types of electrodes. Order-of-magnitude calculations show that currents would have to be passed for several months to remove 90% of the contaminants. Clearly, the soil must be kept wet. 

Enthalpies of formation and entropies of resonance stabilized radicals of importance in aromatic pyrolysis are estimated to a level of accuracy suitable for order of magnitude calculations. 

It was also found that the methylcyclopentane concentration in the acid phase was about 60 ppm. An order of magnitude calculation indicates that the diffusion of methylcyclopentane Into the bulk acid phase occurs much faster than the rate of formation of Isobutane. Thus the acid phase should be considered to be saturated with methylcyclopentane throughout the reaction In all the kinetic experiments. 

It is important, then, to find out the time that waters stay with the ion. Thus, one can make an order-of-magnitude calculation for the jump time, by a method shown in Section 4.2.17. It comes to approximately 10 s. 

The spectra are phase sensitive use the transformation protocol recommended by the instrument manufacturer. Do not use magnitude calculation. 

Theoretical calculations of the stability of superheavy elements have to take into account all possible modes of decay - spontaneous fission, a decay and p decay. The energy barriers for spontaneous fission are assessed for nuclei with closed nucleon shells to be about 10 to 13 MeV with an error of 2 to 3 MeV which causes an uncertainty in the half-life of about 10 orders of magnitude. Calculations of the half-lives of a and P decay are less problematic, but they have also an uncertainty of about 3 orders of magnitude. Predictions of half-lives of >10 y for even-even nuclei in the region of 114 and of w lO y for " 110 led to an intense search for superheavy elements in nature, in particular by the group in Dubna (Flerov et al.). However, this search was not successful. 

Husain and Norrish examined the isothermal flash photolyses of NO2 in the presence of excess nitrogen. NO3 concentrations were measured as a function of time and an estimate of = 1.2x 10 l.mole. sec was obtained. This value is higher than the others quoted and the authors state that it should be regarded as an order of magnitude calculation only. 

An order-of-magnitude calculation of the flux of bubbles entering the sea and dissolving gives 7 X 10 bubbles/m /min. The average time of a whitecap is about 1 min some 3.5% of the sea is covered with whitecaps, and about 20% of the 10 bubbles per cubic meter go into solution. In detailed studies Gordon (67, 68) has found particle concentrations of from 3 X 10 to 2.5 X 10 /m in the surface waters of the North Atlantic. A majority of the particles were 20 /xm or less. 

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