Macro-scale observation

3 Nanophotonic Matching as Macro-Scale Observation 2.3.1 Macro-Scale Observation 

This idea is one of the most effective solutions to utilize multiple nanometric components without impairing the spatial parallelism or the superior speed of optical signals. The key to this idea is how to determine the arrangement of nanometric components that generates the intended optical near-field interactions. This can be achieved by precisely designing and fabricating nanostructures, such as shapes, layouts, compositions, and so on, that can induce arbitrary optical near-field interactions [21,22]. Moreover, protocols for the broadcast control and the narrowcast retrieval must be appropriately defined. 

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Figure 18-21 gives some data on the circulation time of the hehcal impeller. It has oeen observed that it takes about three circulation times to get one blend time being the visual uniformity of a dye added to the material. This is a macro-scale blending definition. 

Notably, the higher the mass flux, the earlier annular flow is reached. Bubbly flow is more or less non-existent for mass fluxes exceeding 1,000 kg/m s. The most important observation about the flow patterns is that their transitions are controlled primarily by the rate of coalescence, which is not recognized as a contributing factor by any of the micro-scale or macro-scale flow pattern maps. 

Performing macro-scale experiments it has been observed that the normal surface tension force induces higher normal stresses in the fluid on the concave side of the interface than on the other fluid on the convex side of the interface. In a micro-scale view we may say that this interfacial tension force is exerted by the interfacial material lying on the convex side of the surface upon the material lying on the concave side. The normal component of the surface force is thus frequently (not always ) defined positive into the mean curvature of the surface, in line with the physical observations. The direction of the normal component of the interface force given by (3.9) is determined by two factors, the interface normal unit vector n/ which we have defined positive into the curvature, and the mean curvature variable which we have chosen to define as an absolute value. That is, the variable used here determining the mean curvature of the surface Hi = ( i + K2)/ 2) is consistent with the definition... 

The important properties of the metal ammines when used as materials for indirect hydrogen storage can be understood and explained at the atomic scale. In this section, an atomic scale model of the sample system Mg(NH3)6Cl2 based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations shows how atomic structures, energies and dynamics can be connected to macro-scale properties such as shape, uptake and decomposition rates, porosity and reaction enthalpies. The model is based on experimentally observed structures (Olovsson, 1965 Partin and O Keeffe, 1991 Leineweber et al, 1999, 2000 Hummelshpj et al, 2006) and it is expected to be applicable to other metal ammines. A detailed understanding of the systems at the atomic scale is a prerequisite for the design of new and better materials. 

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