Machines toroid

A toroidal vacuum chamber ring, that accommodates the movement of a beam of particles in a circular orbit so that they can produce radiation. The particle energy and current are usually maintained constant during operation and, for different machines and modes of operation, may lie in the ranges 0.5-5 GeV and 50-500 mA, respectively. The ring itself may be of diameter 10-50 m. The vacuum is usually held at < 10 9 torr. 

The collision transfers the energy of the beam to the plasma increasing its temperature. The collision also ionizes the neutral beam particles that then become part of the plasma. Neutral beam heating has been tested in both linear and toroidal machines. This method appears to provide a method of heating the plasma to the ignition temperature. 

Photon beam position monitors are essential to ensure that after an injection the electron beam position is adjusted to allow the SR to strike the beam line optical components in a constant way. The wavelength output from a double crystal monochromator is especially sensitive to the vertical beam position. Also, the quality of the focus, from a toroid mirror, is especially sensitive to the horizontal beam position (figures 5.18(c) and (e)). On existing machines it is necessary to recalibrate the wavelength and the focussing of a beam line optical system after each injection. 

IV.E.2 Development and Testing of a High Efficiency Integrated Compressor/ Expander Based on Toroidal Intersecting Vane Machine Geometry... 

Develop a Toroidal Intersecting Vane Machine (TIVM)-based air management system that satisfies doe s 50-kWe automotive fuel cell system requirements and is readily adaptable to alternate user requirements. 

In five-axis tool path generation, the tool inclination can be constant (e.g., constant lead angle) or optimized in each point of the surface to be machined. Especially when end mills or toroidal tools are used, the tool inclination can be optimized for maximal machine strip width. In other words, the tool inclination can be set so the curvature of the tool in the tool contact point perfectly fits with the curvature of the surface in a direction perpendicular to the feed direction (Fig. 18) (Dejonghe 2001). This can be expressed in the following equation ... 

In closed-ended machines the plasma is twisted back on itself to form a torus, eliminating the end-loss problem. Since simple toroidal magnetic fields do not confine plasma against radial outward drift, more complex magnetic field geometries are required in closed systems. Of the eight concepts, two, EBT and the Reversed-Field-Pinch, are closed systems, the others are open. 

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