Lysine-diisocyanates

Reaction with Phosgene. This reaction of amino acid esters is used for preparing the corresponding isocyanates, especially lysine diisocyanate [4460-02-0] (LDI). LDI is a valuable nonyellowing isocyanate with a functional side group for incorporation in polyurethanes. 

Cyclohexyl-1,4-diisocyanate Cyclohexyl-1,2-diisocyanate Isophorone diisocyanate Methylenedicyclohexyl diisocyanate L-Lysine diisocyanate methyl ester... 

Bruin, P., Smedinga, J., Pennings, A.J., and Jonkman, M.E, Biodegradable lysine diisocyanate-based poly(glycolide-co-e-caprolactone)-urethane network in artificial skin. Biomaterials 11 191-295, 1990. 

Lee CH et al (2005) Nanofiber alignment and direction of mechanical strain affect the ECM production of human ACL fibroblast. Biomaterials 26(11) 1261-1270 Han JA et al (2011) Electrospinning and biocompatibility evaluation of biodegradable polyurethanes based on L-lysine diisocyanate and L-lysine chain extender. J Biomed Mater Res A 96(4) 705-714... 

Hassan MK et al (2006) Biodegradable aliphatic thermoplastic polyurethane based on poly (epsilon-caprolactone) and L-lysine diisocyanate. J Polym Sci A Polym Chem 44 (9) 2990-3000... 

Woodhouse [50,54-62] Lysine diisocyanate (h) PCL-diol (s) or PEC (s) Phenylalanine diester (c), 1,4-cyclohexanedimethanol (c), or glycine-leucine diamine (c) Methanol (lysine) ... 

Storey RF, Wiggins JS, Puckett AD. Hydrolyzable poly(ester-urethane) networks from L-lysine diisocyanate and D,L-lactide/e-caprolactone homo- and copolyester triols. JPolym Sci, Part A Polym Chem 1994 32(12) 2345-2363. 

The common aliphatic diisocyanates are hexamethylene diisocyanate, hydrogenated (H12) 4,4 -dipenylmethane diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, 2,2,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate, and 2,4,4-trimethylhexamethylene diisocyanate. Other aliphatic diisocyanates in various stages of commercialization are lysine diisocyanate, methylcyclohexyl diisocyanate, isopropylidine bis-(4-cyclohexyl isocyanate), and tetramethylene diisocyanate. Many additional polyfunctional isocyanates are described in the literature. 

Abraham G, Marcos-Femandez A, San Roman J. Bioresorbable poly(ester-ether ure-thane)s from L-lysine diisocyanate and triblock copolymers with different hydrophilic character. J Biomed Mater Res Part A 2006 76A(4) 729-36. 

To achieve biodegradability and nontoxicity, there has been intensive research on replacing common isocyanates with amino acid diisocyanates in the development of waterborne PUs [69]. L-Lysine diisocyanate and L-lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate have gained attention because lysine is nontoxic, less prone to inflammation, and easy to connect with bioactive molecules. Lysine ethyl ester diisocyanate was prepared with an improved method that avoids the use of gaseous phosgene, elevated temperature, and strongly acidic conditions as described by Nowick et al. [70]. L-Lysine diisocyanate and PCL diol were used as main components to prepare nontoxic and... 

Guelcher SA, Patel V, Gallagher K, Connolly S, Didier JE, Doctor J, et al. Synthesis and biocompatibility of polyurethane foam scaffolds from lysine diisocyanate and polyester polyols. Tissue Eng 2006 12(5) 1247-59. 

Bioresorbable poly(ester urethanes) have been developed by reacting lysine diisocyanate (LDI) with polyester diols or triols based on D,L-lactide, caprolac-tone, and other copolymers [45]. In these systems, aliphatic polyesters such as PLGA or PCL form the soft segments and the polypeptides form the hard segments [46]. A resorbable elastomeric poly(ester urethane) called Degrapol is available commercially. It is currently being used to develop porous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications. 

Thermal degradation of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(lactic acid)/com starch composites with and without lysine diisocyanate (LDI) were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis [49]. Thermal slabihty was decreased by addition of com starch and the composites with lysine diisocyanate showed higher thermal degradation temperature than those without LDI. 

In addition, poly(urethane)s and segmented polyfurethane urea)s derived from lysine diisocyanate, can be enzymatically degraded by various proteases. Thiol proteases, such as papain, bromelain, and ficin, show a high activity. In addition, protease K and chymotrypsin hydrolyze the poly(urethane)s (9). 

N. Yamamoto, A. Nakayama, M. Oshima, N. Kawasaki, and S.i. Aiba, Enzymatic hydrolysis of lysine diisocyanate based polyurethanes and segmented polyurethane ureas by various proteases. Reactive and Functional Polymers, 67(11) 1338-1345, November 2007. 

Isophthaloyl dihydrazide, 169 p-Isopropenyl-o-cresol, 224 Isopropyl percarbonate, 66 Kaolin, 26, 122 Kaolinite, 27 Lignite, 90 Linoleamide, 109 Lithium hydroxide, 32 Lithium silicate, 133 Lysine diisocyanate, 148 Lysozyme, 67 Magnesium carbonate, 27 Magnesium hydroxide, 27, 73, 74, 224 Maleic anhydride, 81, 100, 220, 242 Melamine diphosphate, 82 Melamine pyrophosphate, 29... 

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