Lymphoma drugs that cause

The anticancer drug most commonly associated with pulmonary toxicity is bleomycin. If pulmonary dysfunction with infiltration developed, the drug would be discontinued. High-dose steroids and empiric antibiotic therapy would also be indicated. Note that procarbazine (not listed), used in the MOPP regimen for Hodgkin s lymphoma, may also cause cough and pleural effusions. The answer is (A). 

Toxicities are numerous and include nephrotoxicity, hypertension, hyperglycemia, liver dysfunction, hyperkalemia, altered mental status, seizures, and hirsutism. Cyclosporine causes very little bone marrow toxicity. While an increased incidence of lymphoma and other cancers (Kaposi s sarcoma, skin cancer) have been observed in transplant recipients receiving cyclosporine, other immunosuppressive agents may also predispose recipients to cancer. Some evidence suggests that tumors may arise after cyclosporine treatment because the drug induces TGF-B, which promotes tumor invasion and metastasis. 

Tumors that are steroid hormone-sensitive may be either (1) hormone-responsive, where the tumor regresses following treatment with a specific hormone (2) hormone-dependent, where removal of a hormonal stimulus causes tumor regression or (3) both. Hormone treatment of responsive tumors is usually only palliative, except in the case of the cytotoxic effect of glucocorticoids (for example, prednisone) on lymphomas. Removal of hormonal stimuli from hormone-dependent tumors can be accomplished by surgery, for example, in the case of orchiectomy for patients with advanced prostate cancer, or by drugs, for example in the case of breast cancer, treatment with the antiestrogen... 

Certain stimuli may damage the marrow by reducing the number of megakaryocytes available. Drugs, chemicals, radiation, and infection are among the potential causes of marrow injury. Diseases that produce general bone marrow failure or those that invade the bone marrow may result in thrombocytopenia. Examples of the latter include cancers such as leukemia, lymphoma, myelofibrosis, myelodysplasia, and metastatic solid tumors (breast and prostate cancer), and infections such as those caused by mycobacteria. Suboptimal platelet production may also result from defects in maturation seen with vitamin Bi2 and/or folate deficiency or in congenital syndromes." ... 

D. Monoclonal Antibodies Rituximab is a monoclonal antibody to a surface protein in non-Hodgkin s lymphoma cells. It is presently used with conventional anticancer drugs (eg, cyclophosphamide plus vincristine plus prednisone) in low grade lymphomas. Trastuzumab is a monoclonal antibody to a surface protein in breast cancers that overexpress the HER2 protein. Acute toxicity of these antibodies includes nausea and vomiting, chills, fevers, and headache. Rituximab use is associated with hypersensitivity reactions and myelosuppression. Trastuzumab may cause cardiac dysfunction, including congestive heart failure. 

For the study of tumour cells in vitro, some substances are often added to the cell suspensions antibiotics to prevent bacterial growth, dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) to dissolve anticancer drugs. It is important to know whether such substances affect cell metabolism and cause artefacts that might create difficulties in the interpretation of the results obtained. Some investigators have therefore studied by the use of microcalorimetry the metabolic effects of these substances on human lymphoma cells [30]. DMSO was found to cause a dose-dependent decrease of heat production after 24 h of incubation. Penicillin, streptomycin, gentamicin and amphotericin B did not affect significantly cell metabolism. 

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