Lung inflammation oxidant stress

Numerous reports of elevated concentrations of lipid [57,58], protein [57,58] and DNA [54] oxidation products in CF patients have now been published. Importantly, oxidative stress is not present in all CF patients at all times. Oxidative stress, like the recurring infections, is probably cyclic. Importantly, antioxidant status tends to decrease with age in CF [58], hence older CF patients are particularly susceptible to renewed cycles of pulmonary inflammation. It is tempting to speculate that it is this oxidant/antioxidant imbalance that is responsible, in part, for their decline in lung function with advancing age. The reason for the fall in antioxidant status in CF is not clear, however decreased compliance in taking vitamin supplements may play a role. Alternatively, it is conceivable those repeated cycles of pulmonary inflammation, and associated oxidative stress, also contributes to the decline in antioxidant status. Whatever the exact cause, it is probable that the worsening antioxidant status of the CF adolescent contributes to their deteriorating clinical circumstances. 

The initial chapters introduce to the general knowledge necessary to understand flie inflammatory process and the role played of free radical and oxidative stress. The interplay between inflammatory molecules and cell signalling is also dealt with in depth. A second part is dedicated to nitric oxide, redox regulation and antioxidant function in inflammation. The final chapters are devoted to diseases where inflammation plays the dominant role septic shock, end-stage renal disease, neurodegenerative, ischemic and lung diseases. 

Other processes that have been proposed to play a major role in the pathogenesis of COPD include oxidative stress and an imbalance between aggressive and protective defense systems in the lungs (proteases and antiproteases). These processes may be the result of ongoing inflammation or occur as a result of environmental pressures and exposures (Fig. 27-2). 

Michalec L, Choudhury BK, Postlethwait E, Wild JS, Alam R, Lett-Brown M, Sur S CCL7 and CXCLIO orchestrate oxidative stress-induced neutrophilic lung inflammation. J Iimnunol 2002 168 846. 

Reduced lung coefficients as well as the extent of alveolitis and pulmonary fibrosis Decreased oxidative stress and inflammation markers and expression of TNF-a in lung Increased antioxidant enzymes activities... 

Diabetes melUtus Vital function monitoring in intensive care/anesthetics/ prolonged surgery Inflammation and oxidative stress Asthma, cystic fibrosis Pulmonary allograft dysfunction, lung cancer... 

There are several important attributes to consider when designing in vitro studies for evaluating nanomaterials, including the selection of appropriate types of cells that may be exposed to the material (e.g., lung or skin epithelia, macrophages or other elements of the reticuloendothelial system) and measuring common modes of action such as oxidative stress and inflammation that may be extrapolated to in vivo effects (Nel et al., 2006). 

Shvedova, A.A., Kisin, E., Murray, A.R., et al., 2008. Inhalation vs. aspiration of single-walled carbon nanotubes in C5 76176 mice inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and mutagenesis. American Journal of Physiology - Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology 295 (4), L552-L565. 

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