Rare Earth Complexes as Multiphoton Luminescence Probes for Bioimaging

5 Rare Earth Complexes as Multiphoton Luminescence Probes for Bioimaging 

Extension to the use of multi-photon induced luminescence lanthanide-based bioprobes adds new possibilities and challenges to the field. However, there are even fewer examples of multiphoton lanthanide bioprobes because achieving acceptable quantum yields is fairly difficult in view of the numerous nonradiative deactivation pathways created by a wealth of vibrations, including high energy oscillators located far from the emitting lanthanide ion. 

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