Lumen method

When designing interior lighting schemes the method most frequently used depends upon a determination of the total flux required to provide a given value of illuminance at the working place, This method is generally known as the lumen method. 

To determine the total number of luminaires required to produce a given illuminance by the lumen method we apply the following formula ... 

Lumen method When designing interior lighting schemes the method most... 

L. Lighting calculations (e.g., lumen method, light at a point)... 

Many antihypertensive drug lower the blood pressure by dilating or increasing the size of the arterial blood vessels (vasodilatation). Vasodilatation creates an increase in the lumen (the space or opening within an arteiy) of the arterial blood vessels, which in turn increases the amount of space available for the blood to circulate Because blood volume (the amount of blood) remains relatively constant, an increase in the space in which the blood circulates (ie, the blood vessels) lowers the pressure of the fluid (measured as blood pressure) in the blood vessels. Although the method by which anti-hypertensive drug dilate blood vessels varies, the result... 

Reservoir or coaxial fibers can be produced from the glycolide/ lactide polymers (53,55). Two different methods have been investigated. Dunn (53) utilized a melt-spinning technique in which the drug was introduced during the spinning process as a suspension or solution in a suitable lumen fluid. Eenink (55) developed a dry-... 

The interaction between drugs in the lumen and intestinal components is generally a poorly studied area, and it is difficult based on in vivo data to discriminate such effects from other factors affecting absorption. In addition, evidence for the in vivo relevance of available in vitro methods is sparse. 

A strong surface charge on the halloysite tubules has been exploited for designing nano-organized multilayers using the layer-by-layer (LbL) method of Lvov et al. [8,13,14]. The lumen of the halloysite has been used as an enzymatic nano-reactor by Shchukin et al. [15] The biocompatible nature of the halloysite was... 

Manometry remains the gold standard test, because phasic contractions are generally lumen occlusive in small bowel and thus reliably detected by intraluminal pressure measurements. Transit tests are more convenient nevertheless, they are time-consuming and do not provide the same detailed information about contractile activity [114, 115], These methods are briefly discussed. 

An additional consideration when using in situ techniques is the volume of the luminal drug solution as water absorption and secretion during the perfusion may introduce errors in the lumenal concentrations and therefore in the calculated absorption. Various water flux correction methods have been published [42] including the co-perfusion of a non-absorbed marker such... 

Methods of traversing the basolateral membrane include uptake systems for organic cations and anions via fadhtated diffusion and/or active transport [1]. Organic anions and cations cross the basolateral membrane via ATP-driven or secondary active processes (H -antiport) [2]. Basolateral uptake processes include the gamma-glutamyl transport system [3] and those for glycoproteins [4]. Certain proteins (insulin, epidermal growth factor (EGF)) are transcytosed across the tubular cells from the blood to the tubular lumen via receptor-mediated uptake [5]. 

The intestinal wall is covered by a mucus layer. This mucus layer prevents direct contact of the lumenal contents with the epithelial membrane. Mucus can be attached onto the lipid membrane by the aid of agar and hydrophilic filter scaffold [64, 65]. This allows the simultaneous assessment of dissolution and permeation. Food effects were adequately predicted using this method. Lofts son et al. used a cellophane membrane as a surrogate for the mucus layer [66]. 

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