Lower respiratory tract secretions

Miller, F. J., Overton, J. H. J., Jaskot, R. H., and Menzel, D. B. (19851. A model of regional uptake of gaseous pollutants in the lung. I. The sensitivity of the uptake of ozone m the human lung to lower respiratory tract secretion.s and exercise. Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 79. 11-27. 

Table 4 Interpretation of Quantitative Culture Results from Lower Respiratory Tract Secretions...

Laboratory tests documenting the presence of inflammation and pathogenic microorganisms in lower respiratory tract secretions may assist the clinician in establishing the presence of a nosocomial lower respiratory tract infection. However, the isolation of a bacteria or virus from respiratory secretions does not by itself necessarily establish a causal relationship. 

For intubated infants, flexible flberoptic bronchoscopy may not always be feasible. Modifications of fiberoptic bronchoscopy techniques have been performed with moderate success. A styletted intracatheter wedged blindly by way of the endotracheal tube and blind wedging of a double catheter system through the endotracheal tube to obtain lower respiratory tract secretions have been described (68). 

Respiratory disease In general, antihistamines are not recommended to treat lower respiratory tract symptoms, because their anticholinergic effects may cause thickening of secretions and impair expectoration. However, several reports indicate antihistamines can be safely used in asthmatic patients with severe perennial allergic rhinitis. 

Q3 A type 1 hypersensitivity reaction is responsible for the development of the allergy. The symptoms are due to the effects of mast cell degranulation with the release of histamine. Mast cells are located in the nasal passages and the nasal mucosa is sensitive to the effects of histamine released from these cells, leading to inflammation of the mucous membranes of the nose. The inflammation is associated with oedema and swelling, vasodilation and an increase in the secretion of mucus. The mucous membrane of other sections of the respiratory tract (accessory sinuses, nasopharynx, and upper and lower respiratory tract) will also be affected by the allergic reaction. 

Since the lung is among the tissues into which macrolides penetrate well, they are used to treat infections in the respiratory tract, including those caused by intracellular pathogens such as Legionella, Chlamydia, and Mycoplasma [241]. Bronchoalveolar lavage was used as a convenient method to measure high intrapulmonary concentrations of josamycin [242]. Rokitamycin achieved sufficient concentrations of antibiotic in bronchial secretions to treat lower respiratory tract infections [243]. 

The magnitude and duration of drug concentrations above MIC in respiratory secretions after aerosol administration indicate that mhalation therapy may be a suitable option for some bacterial infections of the lower respiratory tract. Pretreatment with a short-acting, aerosolized bronchodilator, such as albuterol sulfate, may improve the pulmonary distribution of aerosolized antimicrobial drugs. 

Intracelluar viral replication in upper and lower respiratory tract within 24 hours after infection present in secretions for 3-5 days edema and hyperemia of upper and lower respiratory cells, esp bronchial epithelial cells, with loss of cilia extends to alveolar cells in pneumonia... 

RESPIRATORY TRACT These drugs reduce secretion in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts. This effect in the nasopharynx may provide symptomatic relief of acute rhinitis associated with coryza or hay fever. The contribution of antihistamines employed in cold mixtures is likely due to their antimuscarinic properties, except in conditions with an allergic basis. 

---