Low power system

A large number of X-band ENDOR spectrometers have been discussed in the literature. Instruments operating in the less common K-19), Q-20,21 and V-22 frequency bands have also been described. Most of the ENDOR spectrometers are so-called low-power systems which produce rf fields = 0.1 mTrot (rot rotating frame). These field strengths are often sufficient to achieve nuclear saturation in transition metal complexes, i.e. to meet the condition (1.2). 

Chip-like reactors These devices utilize the potential of miniaturization and cheap mass production applying silicon as construction material. Future applications are mostly low-power systems (below a few watts). 

Sub-Threshold Design for Ultra Low-Power Systems Alice Wang, Benton H. Calhoun and Anantha Chandrakasan ISBN 978-0-387-33515-5... 

Naturally, for more powerful fuel cell systems (1-100 kW) such as developed for the power train of cars, the passive approach of the low power systems is not feasible. Powerful systems require fuel cell stacks with power densities of the order of lkWkg to be competitive with internal combustion engines. In such stacks active areas of several hundred square centimeters with current densities of over 1 Acm are required. This leads to the need for forced air supply by a blower or compressor and also for very efficient heat removal as the heat load to be removed is also in the order of 1W cm of active area. Therefore, the complexity of such fuel cell systems increases considerably. Generally, at least four subsystems complementing the fuel cell stack are required ... 

Solid-state components may be used in low-power systems (<10 kW). 

High electric efficiency close to 70 % has been reported for low power systems from Ceramic Fuel Cells Ltd. while higher power systems of the first generation installed by Bloom energy are reported to generate electricity with approximately 50 % efficiency. 

Keywords Radio-frequency identification, RFID, passive tag, temperature sensor, gas sensor, ASK, low power, system-on-chip, energy recovery. 

Asada, G., M. Dong, T.S. Lin, F. Newberg, G. Pottie, H.O. Marcy, and W.J. Kaiser. 1998. Wireless integrated network sensors low power systems on a chip. Pp. 9-12 in Proceedings of the 24th IEEE European Solid-State Circuits Conference. Den Hague. The Netherlands Elsevier. 

Pyrolysis by laser has involved both high- and low-powered systems, with the former, in general, giving smaller, less-characteristic molecular fragments. The specialized nature of the technique has limited the applications of this pyrolysis mode. However, a relatively cheap system has now been designed that... 

Reactor operation widi minimized staffing spears to be technically feasible, particularly for low-power systems, provided the responsibilities for safe operation are properly divided between local staff, central support and the machine itself, and that the design provides a sufficiently long grace period for required intervention. 

The design problems of superconducting rectifiers increase in direct proportion to the amount of power needed. We shall briefly describe two of the most efficient low power systems, along with a proposed method for a high power unit. 

The integrated circuits were composed of a central power management system (CPMS) and a low power system (LPS), deployed on a flexible polyimide substrate on a ground plane, glued on the back side of the SIW. More details of the implementation are described in Ref. [27]. 

When a large cable must be used to meet attenuation requirements, short lengths of a smaller cable (jumpers or pigtails) can be used on either end for ease of installation in low-power systems. The trade-off is slightly higher attenuation and some additional cost. 

Translator. A low-power system that rebroadcasts the signal of another station on a different channel. Translators are designed to provide fill-in coverage for a station that cannot reach a particular community because of the local terrain. Translators operating in the VHF band are limited to 100-W power output (ERP), and UHF translators are limited to 1 kW. 

Hempstead M, Tripathi N, Mauro P, Wei G-Y, Brooks D. An ultra low power system architecture for wireless sensor network applications. Proceedings of the 32nd International Symposium on Computer Architecture (ISCA 05), Madison, WI 2005. 

For low-power systems, there are so-called breathable stacks. The cathodes are placed in contact with the surroimding air through channels rurming from the bipolar plates (Figure 3.18). The stack takes the oxygen it needs to function from the atmosphere. This completely passive system avoids having to use an auxiliary... 

Various laser pyrolyser designs have been reported [351-355]. A relatively cheap (non-commercial) low-power system has been designed that simplifies and improves access to laser pyrolysis (LPy). This system uses a Nd-Cr-GGG laser that delivers 600 mJ pulses of 500 /as with a slow repeat rate of 40 s [355]. The laser energy is delivered to the pyrolysis chamber via an optical fibre. 

The potential leaks are now much reduced, as the only key seals are those around the edges of the MEAs, but if they are carefully set into the separator as in Figure 4.20, which is not hard to do, then this will not be any problem. This type of design also reduces the problem of even humidification of the cells, since there is fairly free circulation of reactant gases in the cell. However, it is not a compact design and is only suitable for low power systems. 

Asada, G., T. Dong, F. Lin, G. Pottie, W. Kaiser, and H. Marcy. 1998. Wireless Integrated Network Sensors Low Power Systems on a Chip. Pp. 9-16 in Proceedings of the 1998 European Solid State Circuits Conference. Paris Seguir Atlantica. 

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