Low-viscosity liquids

For a low-liquid viscosity, d/d 1.9 applies. If liquid output pulsates, uniformly spaced droplets are obtained here, d/d. ... 

Low Low-molecular-weight hydrocarbons and alcohols 0.6 pG < 1.0 lb/It 0.6 Cases favoring rapid bubble rise such as low gas density. low liquid viscosity 0.5... 

Most other end-use sectors deal w ith liquids that are relatively bland as far as operating conditions go - moderate temperatures and pressures, low liquid viscosities, and little, if any, corrosive action. In the bulk chemical industries, on the other hand, membranes li equently have to be specified to withstand highly corrosive liquids, toxic materials, and quite high temperatures. The trends, as tar as these operating parameters are concerned, are for increased severity, rather than less. 

They depend on the strain as well as on the operational conditions in the reactor. The fileunentous form is sensitive to shear stress and usually causes highly viscous non-Newtonian behavior of the mould. The pellet form is less sensitive to shear stress and the fermentation broth behaves like a three-phase system with a relatively low liquid viscosity. The OTR into filamentous mould is usually lower than the OTR into a pellet broth. 

Inorganic particles can be selectively wetted by the liquid phase if the particles and the liquid undergo favorable energetic interactions, such as polar-polar interactions, hydrogen bonding, or acid-base interactions. Thermodynamic equilibrium and the highest attainable entropy are easily reached in the cases of suspensions in liquids of low molecular weight due to very low liquid viscosity and fast molecular diffusion. 

Riazi-Whitson They presented a generahzed correlation in terms of viscosity and molar density that was apphcable to both gases and liqmds. The average absolute deviation for gases was only about 8 percent, while for liquids it was 15 percent. Their expression relies on the Chapman-Enskog correlation [Eq. (5-194)] for the low-pressure diffusivity and the Stiel-Thodos correlation for low-pressure viscosity ... 

Extruded applications of nylon, other than film and monofilcunent, are less commonly encountered because of the low melt viscosity of the polymers. Uses include cable sheathing which requires resistance to abrasion and/or chemical attack, flexible tubing for conveying petrol and other liquids, piping for chemical... 

All three methods discussed above appear to provide equally high quality ionic liquid viscosity data. However, the rotational viscometer could potentially provide additional information concerning the Newtonian behavior of the ionic liquids. The capillary method has been by far the most commonly used to generate the ionic liquid viscosity data found in the literature. This is probably due to its low cost and relative ease of use. 

All sliding friction forces are dramatically affected by surface contamination. If the surface is covered with a material that prevents the adhesive forces from acting, the coefficient is reduced. If the material is a liquid which has low shear viscosity the condition exists of lubricated sliding where the characteristics of the liquid control the friction rather than the surface friction characteristics of the materials. It is possible by the addition of surface materials that have high adhesion to increase the coefficient of friction. 

If turbine or marine propeller agitators are used to mix relatively low viscosity liquids in unbaffled tanks, vortexing develops. In this case the liquid level falls in the immediate vicinity of the agitator shaft. Vortexing increases with rotational speed N until eventually the vortex passes through the agitator. As the liquid viscosity increases, the need for baffles to reduce vortexing decreases. 

To account for the effect of liquid viscosity on liquid jet breakup, Weber extended Rayleigh s theory to a more general theory for low-velocity j et breakup. In Weber s theory it is assumed that... 

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