Losses from Water Cooling

TABLE 5.2. Door leak losses with slight positive himace pressure control 

All losses are much greater with negative furnace pressure. (1) = least loss (4) = worst loss. 

When any one of these problems happens, the seal usually drops to about 50% effectiveness, and no one has any idea as to the magnitude of hot gas movement through the seal. Some designers use a rule of thumb of 600 Btu/hr for each linear foot of seal. Others try to estimate the clearance area and multiply it by the difference in radiation from each zone s average temperature to furnace room temperature. Some managers rationalize that they can save on furnace capital costs by downsizing the furnace input, which turns out to be inadequate to balance seal heat losses after their deterioration. 

Coauthor Shannon has equipped furnaces with inputs 30 to 40% greater than the calculated need when new. He has found that they have used all the fuel capacity at some occasion in the first three years, and that after ten years all the furnaces have used all the available fuel input rate, quite often to make up for aging losses or because of a need (by the process) to extend the heating capacity of the furnace. 

Losses to Containers, Conveyors,Trays, Rollers, Kiln Furniture, Piers, Supports, Spacers, Boxes, Packing for Atmosphere Protection, and Charging Equipment, Including Hand Tongs and Charging Machine Tongs 

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Drift Water lost from the tower as hquid droplets entrained in the exhaust air. It is independent of water lost by evaporation. Units may be in pounds (kilograms) per hour or percentage of circulating water flow. Drift ehminators minimize this loss from the cooling tower. Drift eliminator An assembly constructed of wood, plastic, cement asbestos board, steel, or other material which serves to minimize entrained droplets from the discharged air. 

Beryllium Nitrate. BeryUium nitrate tetrahydrate [13516-48-0], Be(N02)2 4H2O, is prepared by crystallization from a solution of beryUium hydroxide or beryllium oxide carbonate in a slight excess of dilute nitric acid. After dissolution is complete, the solution is poured into plastic bags and cooled to room temperature. The crystallization is started by seeding. Crystallization from more concentrated acids yields crystals with less water of hydration. On heating above 100°C, beryllium nitrate decomposes with simultaneous loss of water and oxides of nitrogen. Decomposition is complete above 250°C. 

Metal loss from the internal surface of the types illustrated in Figs. 11.17 and 11.18 had affected approximately 45 tubes over the previous 4 months. It was noted that metal loss along the bottom half of the tubes was more severe. Significant numbers of failures of this type had not been experienced before, although it was known that entrainment of silt in the cooling water occurred seasonally. 

Some licensees have a switch to bypass RCIC high steam tunnel temperature trips. Some licensees are evaluating improvements to prevent seal LOCAs from loss of seal cooling which are most important for W plants, but B W licensees identified improvements related to alternate seal flow capability under loss of power conditions. The use of high temperature seals is noted for some W plants. Many PWR IPEs identify AFWS improvements. These include additional backup water supplies such as the firewater system and redundant pump cooling capability. Other reliability... 

Schimmel Co. attempted to acetylise the alcohol by means of acetic anhydride, but the reaction product only showed 5 per cent, of ester, which was not submitted to further examination. The bulk of the alcohol had been converted into a hydrocarbon, with loss of water. Ninety per cent, formic acid is most suitable for splitting off water. Gne hundred grams of the sesquiterpene alcohol were heated to boiling-point with three times the quantity of formic acid, well shaken, and, after cooling, mixed with water. The layer of oil removed from the liquid was freed fi-om resinous impurities by steam-distillation, and then fractionated at atmo.spheric pressure. It was then found to consist of a mixture of dextro-rotatory and laevo-rotatory hydrocarbons. By repeated fractional distillation, partly in vacuo, partly at ordinary pressure, it was possible to separate two isomeric sesquiterpenes, which, after treatment with aqueous alkali, and distillation over metallic sodium, showed the following physical constants —... 

Figure 2. Computed kinetics of water loss from mouse ova cooled at 1 °C to 32 °C/min in 1M DMSO. The curve labeled EQ shows the water content that ova have to maintain to remain in equilibrium with extracellular ice. If ova or embryos contain more than equilibrium amounts of water when they cool to below -30 °C, they will undergo intracellular freezing. Usually such freezing is lethal, but if the quantity of ice is small, some internally frozen cells can be rescued by rapid warming. (From Mazur, 1990.)...

Another complication that often arises is loss of water from the system. This could be, for example, the loss of water to effluent from a hosing operation or the evaporative loss to atmosphere from a cooling tower, neither of which becomes available for reuse. To illustrate how water losses can be accounted for, suppose that an operation is added to those in Table 26.5 with a maximum inlet concentration of 80 ppm and a flowrate of 10 t-h-1, all of which is lost. 

The adipic acid solution is now placed in a 250-ml beaker and the diamine solution added dropwise with stirring over a period of 8 min, during which the solution warms up to 40-45 °C. After stirring for a further 30 min and allowing to cool, the crystallized AH salt is filtered off with suction, washed twice with 95% ethanol and dried in vacuum. Yield 90-95% mp 183 °C (with loss of water) pH value of 9.5% aqueous solution 7.62. Impure AH salt can be recrystallized from ethanol/water mixtures (volume ratio 3 1). 

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