Lorenz and Lorentz

The molecular refractivity can be computed from the Lorenz and Lorentz equation ... 

The refractive power is a value which attempts to correct the effects of temperature, pressure, and concentration of the substance, all of which cause the refractive index, n, to vary with the slightest alteration of the conditions. The most accurate expression for the refmctive power is that of Lorenz and Lorentz, which is... 

Molar refractivity, in spite of its name, has to do with single substituents, although their values can be used together to create an image of the whole molecule. The preferred method for calculating MR , as it is abbreviated, is the use of the Lorenz and Lorentz equation in a form which yields cubic centimetres per mole ... 

Table 10.5 shows a comparison between calculated and observed values for a series of solid amorphous polymers. Remarkable is the fact that the very simple formula of Vogel (1948-1954), Rv = nM, gives about the same standard deviation as the more complex and theoretically better explicable formulas of Lorentz-Lorenz and Gladstone-Dale. 

The linear and non-linear polarizabilities of organic molecules are usually determined from measurements of macroscopic susceptibilities of liquid solutions. Classical examples are the measurements of the refractive index, n, or the relative permittivity of pure organic liquids and their interpretation by the well-known Lorentz-Lorenz and Clausius-Mosotti equations. These... 

If the term in the derivative of the field factor were negligible the expression on the left of this equation would be defined completely in terms of macroscopic measurable quantities. The specifics of the chosen cavity model enter the field factor derivative where Lorentz-Lorenz and Onsager factors may be mixed. The most commonly used procedure is to employ Onsager for the static field and Lorentz factors for the optical fields. For Fj (i = 0,1),... 

Pressure-induced changes in the refractive index and the thickness are theoretically rationalized by Tait s and Lorentz-Lorenze s equations. Studies... 

Empirical models for the induced trace have also been obtained from (nonspectroscopic) measurements of the second virial dielectric coefficient of the Clausius-Mosotti and Lorentz-Lorenz expansions [30]. Excellent surveys with numerous references to the historical as well as the modern dielectric research activities were given by Buckingham [27], Kielich [89], and Sutter [143] in 1972 see also a recent review with a somewhat more spectroscopic emphasis [11]. 

Lorenz [14] and Lorentz [IS] examined the case of an inclusion s rated from the continuous medium by an interiayer with intermediate conductivity to derive Eq. (20),... 

It is found that a significant difference between the experiment and theoretical calculations occurs. Refractive indiees for the initial (non-chlorinated) PP film ealeulated by Lorentz-Lorenz and Gladstone-Dale equations equal n = 1.5200 and n = 1.5126, respectively. In accord with the experiment (Figure 22, curve 1), this eorresponds to ffl(Cl) = 54.6% and (C1) = 43%, respeetively. According to Fogel also, an underestimated refractive index is obtained for the initial film, with approximately the... 

The specific refraction r is given by the Lorentz and Lorenz equation. 

The molar refraction, / m, is a measure of the size of a molecule. It is calculated with Eq. (8.5), the Lorenz-Lorentz equation, where , d, and M are the refractive index, the density, and the molecular weight, respectively. 

Example 1-Propynyl acetate has nn = 1.4187 and density = 0.9982 at 20°C the molecular weight is 98.102. From the Lorentz and Lorenz equation,... 

The sPS has been exploited as sensitive material for fiber optic chemical sensors based on reflectance measurements and aimed to detection of chloroform and toluene in water and air environments48 50. The refractive index of sPS thin films is estimated to be about 1.578. The effect of the analyte sorption in the crystalline domain was modeled as an increase in the material density, which in turn leads to an increase in the refractive index according to the Lorentz-Lorenz law ... 

Continuum models have a long and honorable tradition in solvation modeling they ultimately have their roots in the classical formulas of Mossotti (1850), Clausius (1879), Lorentz (1880), and Lorenz (1881), based on the polarization fields in condensed media [32, 57], Chemical thermodynamics is based on free energies [58], and the modem theory of free energies in solution is traceable to Bom s derivation (1920) of the electrostatic free energy of insertion of a monatomic ion in a continuum dielectric [59], and Kirkwood and Onsager s... 

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