LORAN

Tolid (Dolorgiet) Lorans (Schiapparelli J Wypax (Yamanouchi)... 

Loran and Williams, 1977. The reference intermolecular reaction is the attack of pyridine on methyl o-nitrophenyl phosphate (Kirby and Younas, 1970). Corrections for the conversion to a diaryl ester and a p-nitrophenyl leaving group are assumed to cancel out. Temperature correction uses E, = 14.8 kcal mol-1, as measured for the reference reaction 4 Lazarus et al., 1980... 

SG Penn, G Liu, ET Bergstrom, DM Goodall, JS Loran. Systematic approach to treatment of enantiomeric separations in capillary electrophoresis and liquid chromatography. I. Initial evaluation using propranolol and dansylated amino acids. J Chromatogr A 680 147-155, 1994. 

SG Penn, DM Goodall, JS Loran. Differential binding of tioconazole enantiomers to hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin studied by capillary electrophoresis. J Chromatogr 636 149-152, 1993. 

SG Penn, ET Bergstrom, DM Goodall, JS Loran. Capillary electrophoresis with chiral selectors. Optimization of separation and determination of thermodynamic parameters for binding of ticonazole enantiomers to cyclodextrins. Anal Chem 66 2866-2873, 1994. 

LF land forces LORAN long range navigation... 

Figure 7.13 Typical chromatogram for steroids (1) medroxyprogesterone acetate, 2.0 mg/ml (2) cortisone acetate, 2.0 mg/ml (3) methylpred-nisolone acetate, 2.0 mg/ml (4) isoflupredone acetate, 2.0 mg/ml (5) hydrocortisone, 1.6 mg/ml. [Reprinted from Ref. 13, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 8, Loran and Cromie, An Evaluation of the Use of Supercritical Fluid Chromatography with Light Scattering Detection for the Analysis of Steroids (1990) with kind permission from Elsevier Science Ltd, The Boulevard, Langford Lane, UK.]...

J.S. Loran and K.D. Cromie, An evaluation of the use of supercritical fluid chromatography with light scattering detection for the analysis of steroids, J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal., 8 607 (1990). 

Another reactive force field that is dependent on bond-order was developed by van Duin, Dasgupta, Loran, and Goddard [183] for hydrocarbons. The configurational energy is described as the sum of energy contributions from internal modes as well as non-bonding van der Waals and Coulombic interactions, but the parameters of the functions that describe each contribution is dependent upon the bond order of atoms involved in each description. It is assumed that the bond order between an atom pair is dependent on the interatomic separation. While this model has been used to predict bond dissociation energies, heats of formation and structures of simple hydrocarbons, it was not applied to predict condensed phase properties. However, the form of the potential should allow for condensed phase studies. 

A modern Pb/scintillating fiber detector system, incorporating a Loran frequency standard, capable of measuring time intervals with a precision of 20 ps. 

Other potential concerns involve the two frequency references used in the experiment - the proton precession frequency forming the basis of the magnetic field determination, and the Loran-C 10 MHz frequency reference used for the NMR and microwave frequency synthesizers. The Loran-C standard is based on hyper-fine transitions in Cs with Wf=0, and so is insensitive to any preferred spatial orientation, and would not introduce a signature for Lorentz violation into the spectroscopic measurements. Bounds on clock comparisons of 199Hg and 133Cs [7,8] place crude limits on the Lorentz violating energy shifts in the precession frequency of a proton of 10-27 GeV, which imply the NMR measurements are free of shifts well below the Hz level. 

At least three different LORAN signals must be received to determine latitude and longitude. In practice, the distance to more than the minimum three LORAN signals increases accuracy. 

The first LORAN systems were in use before computers were sophisticated enough to perform the complex calculations needed to process the timing comparisons. Early LORAN installations required highly-skilled operators to interpret the radio pulses. A half century later technical innovations eliminated the need for much of the skill once required to use LORAN for navigation. 

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