Lonza

Batchwise operated multipurpose plants are per defmitionem the vehicle for the production of fine chemicals. There are, however, a few examples of fine chemicals produced ia dedicated, coatiauous plants. These can be advantageous if the raw materials or products are gaseous or Hquid rather than soHd, if the reaction is strongly exothermic or endothermic or otherwise hazardous, and if the requirement for the product warrants a continued capacity utilization. Some fine chemicals produced by continuous processes are methyl 4-chloroacetoacetate [32807-28-6] C H CIO [32807-28-6], and malononittile [109-77-3] C2H2N2, made by Lonza dimethyl acetonedicarboxylate [1830-54-2] made by Ube and L-2-chloropropionic acid [107-94-8] C2H C102, produced by Zeneca. 

Fine chemical companies are generally either small and privately held or divisions of larger companies, such as Eastman Fine Chemicals (United States) and Lonza (Switzerland). Examples of large public fife science companies, which market fine chemicals as a subsidiary activity to their production for captive use, are Hoffmann-La Roche, Sandoz, and Boehringer Ingelheim, which produce and market bulk vitamins and liquid crystal intermediates, dyestuff intermediates, and bulk active ingredients, respectively. Table 3 fists some representative companies having an important fine chemical business. 

Alusuisse-Lonza 4,400 Organic Chemicals 1,010 Fine Chemicals 450... 

Precautions in Handling. Ammonium bifluoride, like all soluble fluorides, is toxic if taken internally. Hydrofluoric acid bums may occur if the material comes in contact with moist skin. Ammonium bifluoride solutions should be thoroughly washed from the skin with mildly alkaline soap as soon as possible however, if contact has been prolonged, the affected areas should be soaked with 0.13% solution of Zephiran chloride, or 0.2% Hyamine 1622 (Lonza, Inc.) or calcium gluconate, the treatment recommended for hydrofluoric acid bums. If any of these solutions come in contact with the eyes, they should be washed with water for at least 10 min and a physician should be consulted. 

Chiral Building Blocks, technical brochure, Lonza AG, Basel, Switzerland, 1991. 

A. Huwiler and C. AbAchedi, 4-Haloacetoacetic Acid Derivatives, Lonza AG Technical Brochure, Basel, Switzedand, 1990. 

Lonza AG, A.cetoacetates technical brochure, Basel, Switzerland, 1987. 

Technical brochure pubHcation No. N-319, Eastman Kodak Co., Kiugsport, Term., Oct. 1988 Lonza AG Product information sheet P5305, Lonza AG, Basel, Switzedand, 1993. 

Flame-Retardant Filler. Demand has increased for Mg(OH)2 as a nonhalogenated, flame-retardant filler for thermoplastics used in the aerospace, microelectronics, and cable and wire manufacturing industries (90). Producers of nonhalogenated, flame retardant fillers include Kyowa, Aluisuisse-Lonza (Magnifin product line), Morton, and a Dead Sea Periclase/Dead Sea Bromine joint venture (91). 

Economic Aspects. Malonic acid is produced by Juzen and Tateyama in Japan as well as Lonza Ltd. in Switzedand and Riedel-De Haen Ltd. in Germany. It costs around 30/kg (1993) for shipments of one to two dmms. 

Methyl cyanoacetate and ethyl cyanoacetate are produced by Lonza ia Switzerland and Hbls ia the United States, as well as Juzen and Tateyama ia Japan. The total production capacity is estimated to be ia the range of 10,000 metric tons per year. The market price for both esters ia bulk shipments was around 6/kg ia 1993. 

Pseudocumene. The Hquid-phase air oxidation of pseudocumene yields trimeUitic acid [528-44-9] (15) which is dehydrated to trimeUitic anhydride [552-30-7] (TMA) (16). Amoco Chemical is the sole U.S. producer with a plant at JoHet, Illinois, having a capacity of ca 47,000 t/yr. Lonza ia Italy is the sole European TMA producer. 

The major producers of fatty amine oxides are Jordon Chemical Company, Procter and Gamble, Lonza, Stepan, Sherex Chemicals, and Akzo Chemicals Inc. It is estimated that 13,600 t of amine oxides were purchased for end use ia the Uoited States ia 1987 (68). Of this amouat arouad 80% was coasumed ia various household products, and 10% ia iadustrial, iastitutioaal, and commercial appHcations. These figures do not iaclude the estimated 27,000 —32,000 t of amine oxides produced by Procter and Gamble for captive use. 

Companies producing fatty amine quaternaries include Akzo Chemicals Inc. (Arquad) (73) Henkel Corporation (formerly General Mills) (Aliquat) (74) Humko Chemical (Witco Corporation) (Kemamine Q) (31) Jetco Chemicals (The Procter Gamble Company) (fet Quat) (75) Jordan Chemical Company (PPG Industries) (fordaquat and specialty quaternaries) (78) Lonza (Barquat and specialty quaternaries) (79) Sherex (Adogen) (76) and Tomah Products (Exxon Chemical Company) (Tomah Q) (77). 

Examples of uses foi amine oxides include detergent and personal care areas as a foam booster and stabilizer, as a dispersant for glass fibers, and as a foaming component in gas recovery systems. Commercial suppliers of fatty amine oxides include Akzo Chemicals Inc. (Aromox) (73), Jordan Chemical Company (PPG Industries) (fordamox) (78), and Lonza (Badox) (79). 

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