Longer heating durations

The curve crosses the y axis at a negative value of your choosing. Between the plateaus, the slope is approximately linear. The plateaus are crucial as they are the visual representation of the definition of latent heat. The first plateau is at 0°C and is short in duration as only 334kJ.kg 1 is absorbed in this time (specific latent heat of fusion). The next plateau is at 100 °C and is longer in duration as 2260kJ.kg-1 is absorbed (specific latent heat of vaporization). 

The longer pulse duration and cumulative run-time, together with the higher heat loads and more intense disruptions, represent the largest changes in operation conditions compared to today s experiments. Erosion of PFCs over many pulses, and distribution of eroded material, are critical issues that will affect the performance and the operating schedule of the ITER tokamak. Primary effects ensuing from erosion/re-deposition include plasma contamination, tritium co-deposition with carbon (if used in some parts of the divertor), component lifetime, dust, and formation of mixed-materials, whose behavior is still uncertain. 

The maximum PCM load in the heat-storage and thermo-regulated polyacrylic fibre is 10%. In other words, the maximum heat content of the fibre is 25 J/g. The thermo-regulating function offered against extremes of cold and/or heat is available only for a limited period. The maximum heat content of the fabric is over 40J/g in patent application and heat content over 50J/g is possible in technology. The more PCMs there are in the textile, the longer the duration of temperature equalization. 

In order to ensure that the heat-integrated units are active within a common time interval, the following con constraints is necessary. In constraints (10.18), unit j has a relatively longer duration time than unit j. If duration times are equal, then constraints (10.19) and (10.20) are necessary. 

Extrapolation of the picosecond simulations would imply that isothermal and laser-induced desorption results should be in qualitative agreement for nonspecific heating pulses of 1 to 10 ns duration. Of course this may not hold if all desorption occurs during the leading edge of the laser pulse or if the desorption process is driven by a nonthermal maihanism. Nevertheless, incomplete equilibration is not expected to play a major role for translational or rotational accommodations if the residence times are longer than 10 ns. 

The temperature of the mixture is kept above the melting point of chromi-um(VI) oxide to evaporate water and separate the top layer of sodium bisulfate from the molten chromium(VI) oxide at the bottom. Temperature control and duration of heating is very crucial in the process. Temperatures over 197°C (melting point), or allowing the molten mass to stand for a longer time, may result in decomposition of the product. 

Things are quite different in a detonation wave. In this case we have a completely determined characteristic time—the duration of the chemical reaction in combination with a particular linear velocity of detonation propagation we obtain the zone width of the chemical reaction, which can no longer (as in the case of a shock wave) vary with changes in the heat conduction. The chemical reaction cannot occur in the time of a single collision many collisions of the molecules with one another will be required, and the zone width will be extended to a length many times the mean free path. 

---