Locomotor system

Metamizole, also known as dipyrone, is a pyrazolone derivative. Metami-zole is administered by intramuscular or intravenous routes to cattle, pigs, sheep, and goats at dosages in the range 15-50 mg/kg bw as an adjunct to therapy in many inflammatory conditions of the musculoskeletal and locomotor systems. 

Suxibuzone, another pyrazolone derivative, is intended for the treatment of inflammatory conditions of the musculoskeletal and locomotor systems in... 

Human gait is a complex process, since the locomotor system synthesizes inputs from the motor cortex, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum, as well as... 

Grillner, S., J. Christenson, L. Brodin, P. Wallen, R.H. Hill, A. Lansner O. Ekeberg. 1989. Locomotor system in lamprey Neuronal mechanisms controlling spinal rhythm generation. In Neuronal and Cellular Oscillators. J.W. Jacklet, ed. Marcel Dekker, New York and Basel, pp. 215-36. 

Theorell, T., Ringdahl-Harms, K., Ahlberg-Hulten, G., and Westin, B. (1991), Psychosocial Job Factors and Symptoms from the Locomotor System—A Multicausal Analysis, Scandinavian Journal of Rehabilitation Medicine, Vol. 23, pp. 165-173. 

The application of mechanical laws to living structures, specifically to the locomotor systems of the human body. 

Furthermore, individuals should be examined in terms of their own personal risk factors, focusing on CVI and restrictions of the locomotor system. There is no general agreement as to how to identify individuals with CVI or those prone to CVI. 

Locomotor System. The skeleton consists of more than 200 bones and cartilages. In adults it determines the size and proportions of the body. The bones are points of action as well as levers for the muscles, and they protect inner organs like the brain, spinal cord, heart, and lungs. 

If whole groups of muscles are immobilized as, e.g., by means of a plaster cast, muscle force will decrease in the beginning by 25-30% per week. During purposeful muscle training, however, increased muscle power is achieved. The values of muscular stress during exercise must exceed those of the normal daily activity (Figure 6.7). The locomotor system (bones, joints, muscles, and tendons) operates according to a lever... 

The total amount of calcium in the body is about 1500 g. Because of the large amounts of calcium all over the body, it is one of the most important minerals. It is abundant in the skeleton and in some body tissues. Calcium is an essential nutrient because it is involved in the structure of the muscular system and controls essential processes like muscle contraction (locomotor system, heartbeat) blood clotting, activity of brain cells and cell growth. Calcium deficiency causes serious disorders. The desirable calcium intake (g/day) is stipulated as birth to 6 months (0.4), 6 to 12 months (0.6), 1 to 5 years (0.8), 6 to 10 years (0.8-1.2), 11 to 24 years and pregnant women (1.2 to 1.5), 25 to 65 years (1.0) and above 65 years (1.5). The main source of calcium is milk and milk products, followed at a considerable distance by fruit and vegetables, cereal products, meat, fish and eggs. Table 7.2 provides data on the calcium content of some foods. An adequate supply of vitamin D is required for the absorption of calcium. 

Endogenous estrogens are known to be active in a number of areas of the brain. There are indications that estrogens may play a role in mood, locomotor activity, pain sensitivity, vulnerability to neurodegenerative diseases and cognition (McEwan, 1999). In humans, the blood brain barrier is not fiilly developed at birth and, for this reason, the central nervous system (CNS) may be more sensitive to phytoestrogens in utero or at birth. As ERs are expressed in the CNS, phytoestrogens may also be active in this area. 

The motor activation produced by psychomotor stimulants has been long associated with the midbrain dopamine systems. While focused stereotyped behavior produced by high doses of indirect sympathomimetics is blocked by removal of dopamine terminals in the corpus striatum (Creese and Iversen 1975), the locomotor activation produced by low doses of indirect sympathomimetics is blocked by removal of dopamine terminals in the region of the nucleus accumbens (Kelly et al. 1975). This dopaminergic substrate for psychostimulant effects appears selective for the indirect sympathomimetics in that dopamine lesions to the region of the nucleus... 

Investigation of the neurochemical substrates for the psychostimulant effects of MDMA suggests a role for the mesolimbic dopamine system. Destruction of dopamine terminal fields in the nucleus accumbens significantly attenuated the locomotor activation produced by MDMA. A similar blockade of amphetamine-induced locomotor hyperactivity is known and was observed following amphetamine injection in these same rats. Such results support the hypothesis that at least one component of MDMA-induced hyperactivity is dopamine mediated and suggest that mesolimbic dopamine specifically is the critical substrate. In this way, MDMA resembles other classical psychostimulants like amphetamine and cocaine. Interestingly, evidence for functional cross-sensitization was suggested in the study in which an injection of amphetamine followed MDMA injection. 

QUESTION How can you dissociate the locomotor effects from the reinforcing effects It has been agreed that lesions of the mesolimbic system affect locomotor activity and shown by Eberson with respect to the dopaminergic system. How do you know you don t have a rat that is motorically compromised and can t press the lever to get the cocaine How can you dissociate that from the reinforcement efficacy ... 

Joyce, E.M., and Koob, G.F. Amphetamine-, seopolamine-, and eaffeine-induced locomotor activity following 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the mesolimbic dopamine system. Psychopharmacology 73 311-313, 1981. 

Kalivas, P.W., Winderlov, E., Stanley, D., Breese, G.R., and Prange, A.J., Jr., Enkephalin action on the mesolimbicdopamine system a dopamine-dependent and dopamine-independent increase in locomotor activity, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., 221, 229, 1983. 

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