Local probe techniques

Stimming U, Vogel R. 1998. In-situ local probe techniques at electrochemical interfaces. In Lorenz WJ, Plieth W, eds. Electrochemical Nanotechnology. Weinheim Wiley-VCH. 

In-Situ Local Probe Techniques for Studies of Electrochemical Interfaces (W. J. Lorenz and W. Plieth, eds.), VCH-Wiley, New York, 1998. Proceedings of the lUVSTA Workshop on Surface Science and Electrochemistry, Surf. Sci. 555 (1995). 

Other local probe techniques to be discussed, of an electrochemical nature, which rely on much of the same instrumental technology, are scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM). 

This local probe technique relies on a tunnelling current being passed between tip and substrate. For electron tunnelling to be possible the distance between tip and substrate must be less than about 2 nm, and the... 

An analysis of potentiostatic current density transients indicates progressive nucleation and a cluster growth controlled by hemispherical diffusion (cf. Section 6.2), as shown in Fig. 6.37. From the initial part of the transients, the nucleation rate, /, as a function of rj was determined. The number of atoms forming the critical nuclei, Afcrit -2, was determined from the slope of the log/vs. t] plot in the overpotential range - 210 mV < T <- 100 mV. These results show that localized metal deposition under electrochemical conditions using in situ local probe techniques and appropriate poiarization routines seems to be realistic. 

Electrolytic Metal Deposition, Fundamental Aspects and Applications (eds A.S. Dakkouri and D.M. Kolb), Proceedings of the 5th Ulmer Elektrochemische Tage, Reprint from Z. Phys. Chem. 208, Part 1-2 (1999). Lorenz, W.J. and Plieth, W. (eds) (1998) Electrochemical Nanotechnology, In situ Local Probe Techniques at Electrochemical Interfaces, Wiley-VCH, New York. Lipkowski, J. and Ross, P.N. (eds)... 

Lorenz, H.J. and Plieth, W. (1998). Electrochemical nanotechnology. In situ Local Probe Techniques at Electrochemical Interfaces. Wiley-VCH. 

In- tu Local Probe Techniques at Electrodieiiiical Interfaces Edited by W. X Lorenz and W. Plieth d WILEY-VCH Veriag GmbH, 1998... 

Summary. Electrochemical nanotechnology and its analytical and preparative aspects using local probe techniques such as STM and AFM are described. Typical examples for in-situ application of local probe methods in different electrochemical systems are discussed UPD and OPD of metals and nanostructuring of metal, semiconductor, and superconductor surfeces. 

Analytical and preparative aspects of modem nanotechnology can be distinguished. Local probe investigations of surface thermodynamics, stmcture, dynamics, and reactions belong to the analytical aspect. On the other hand, surface nanostmcturing or surface modification and the preparation of defined nanoobjects by local probe techniques represent the preparative aspect. 

Local probe techniques are carried out ex-situ , non-situ or in-situ with respect to applied environmental conditions. Ex-situ local probe investigations are performed under UHV conditions on well-defined substrates, e.g., single-crystal surfaces. Such ex-situ measurements are often made in far fiom real conditions, which are characterized by adsorption and film formation. Therefore, ex-situ UHV techniques are usually combined with appropriate transfer devices to switch substrates fi om the real environment to UHV and vice versa. Non-situ local probe measurements are also started under UHV conditions to characterize the bare substrate surface, but they are continued under a finite vapor pressure in order to form adsorbates or mono- or multi-atomic (-molecular) films modeling real environmental conditions. In-situ local probe measurements are carried out at solid/liquid or solid/gas interfaces under defined real conditions involving adsorption and film formation. 

The combination of in-situ local probe techniques and classical steady-state and nonsteady-state electrochemical measurements gives new information on the local and global behavior of electrified solid/liquid interfeces with respect to analytical and preparative nanotechnological aspects. 

Investigations of UPD and OPD of metals leading to 2D and 3D Me phase formation are of great interest for electrochemical nanotechnology. Application of in-situ local probe techniques in this field gives new analytical information on an atomic level and offers possibilities for a defined nanostructuring of solid-state surfaces. 

In-situ Local Probe Techniques at Electrochemical Interfaces... 

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