Liver gadolinium

Liver Gadolinium EOB DTPA Primovist MRI product, not approved for CT phase I, II clinical trials Uptake into hepatocytes Schmitz SA et al (1997) Detection of focal liver lesions CT of the hepatobiliary system with gadoxetic acid disodium, or Gd-EOB-DTPA. Radiology 2002 399-405... 

This method represents one of the first attempts towards macromolecular agents.121-123 As many as 60-90 [Gd(DTPA)]2- or [Gd(DOTA)] chelates were first linked to a polylysine chain, then covalently conjugated to a HSA molecule.124 The increase in relaxivity per Gd, as compared with the monomeric chelate, was remarkable (two- to threefold), though far from optimal. However, the development of these albumin conjugates was abandoned at an early stage, since their synthesis is not easily controlled, and there are also toxicity concerns due to the retention of gadolinium observed in the bones and liver.125... 

Ahmad, N. et al., Inhibition of macrophages with gadolinium chloride alters intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the liver during acute endotoxemia in rats, Hepatology, 29, 728, 1999. 

Matsuo, M., Kanematsu, M., Kim, T., Hori, M., Takamura, M., Murakami, T., Kondo, H., Moriyama, N., Nakamura, H., Hoshi, H. Esophageal varices Diagnosis with gadolinium-enhanced MR imaging of the liver for patients with chronic liver damage. Amer. J. Roentgenol. 2003 180 461-466... 

Very high relaxivities have been found for three Gd(DTPA-bisamide)alkyl copolymers. A gadolinium complex of a substituted DTPA (25) was undergoing phase III clinical trials at the end of the twentieth century as a liver-specific contrast agent for MRI. ... 

In the last decade, extensive evidence has gathered suggesting involvement of Kupffer cell-mediated inflammatory reactions in Gin-induced liver injury. It is known that Gin leads to activation of Kupffer cells resulting in secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a. Increased levels of TNF-a leads to neutrophilic infiltration and cytotoxicity in the liver. Depletion of both Kupffer cells by glycine and gadolinium chloride and of neutrophils by antineutrophil antibodies protect from... 

Kabalka G, Buonocore E, Hubner K, Moss T, Norley N, Huang L (1987) Gadolinium-labeled liposomes targeted MR contrast agents for the liver and spleen. Radiology 163(l) 255-258... 

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