Lithium permeability

It is likely that transport also occurs in the highly lithium permeable thin descending limb along the osmotic gradient to the hyperosmolar inner medulla... 

Sodium permeabilities were found to be 62, 82, 126 and 158 ni /sec for 15, 22.5, 30 and 37.5 yM monensin respectively and lithium permeabilities were 12 uid 33 ni /sec for 400 and 800 yM monensin respectively. Thus, the permeabilities extrapolated to 1 yM of monensin for Ihe same don and lipid concentration are for Na 4.0 0.4 m /sec, for Li 0.035 4 0.005 nn sec. These results show that within the concentration range studied the sodium transport rate increases fairly linearly with the ionophore concentration, indicating that the dominant transporting species is a 1 1 complex of the sodium ionophore. The much higher value obtained for sodium either indicates that the complex association-dissociation processes determine the overall rate of transport or reflects the difference in the binding constants for these two ions. 

The poor efficiencies of coal-fired power plants in 1896 (2.6 percent on average compared with over forty percent one hundred years later) prompted W. W. Jacques to invent the high temperature (500°C to 600°C [900°F to 1100°F]) fuel cell, and then build a lOO-cell battery to produce electricity from coal combustion. The battery operated intermittently for six months, but with diminishing performance, the carbon dioxide generated and present in the air reacted with and consumed its molten potassium hydroxide electrolyte. In 1910, E. Bauer substituted molten salts (e.g., carbonates, silicates, and borates) and used molten silver as the oxygen electrode. Numerous molten salt batteiy systems have since evolved to handle peak loads in electric power plants, and for electric vehicle propulsion. Of particular note is the sodium and nickel chloride couple in a molten chloroalumi-nate salt electrolyte for electric vehicle propulsion. One special feature is the use of a semi-permeable aluminum oxide ceramic separator to prevent lithium ions from diffusing to the sodium electrode, but still allow the opposing flow of sodium ions. 

Smith, D. B., Wearn, P. L., Richards, H. J., Rowe, P. C., Water movement in the unsaturated zone of high and low permeability strata by measuring natural lithium, In Isotope Hydrology 1970, Vienna, Interna. Atomic Energy Assoc., p. 73-87, 1970. 

Porosity. It is implicit in the permeability requirement typically lithium-ion battery separators have a porosity of 40%. Control of porosity is very important for battery separators. Specification of percent porosity is commonly an integral part of separator acceptance criteria. 

Segal DS, Callaghan M, MandeU AJ Alterations in behaviour and catecholamine biosynthesis induced by lithium. Nature 254 58-59, 1975 Seguela P, Wadiche J, Dineley-Miller K, et al Molecular cloning, functional properties, and distribution of rat brain dJ a nicotinic cation channel highly permeable to calcium. J Neurosci 13 596-604, 1993... 

For lithium temperatures of 500°C, the liquid metal heat exchanger requires 3.3 to 8.0 m of area per MWj-(10,600 to 25,600 m for a 1-GWg plant). The wall thickness will be about 0.65 mm to 1.3 mm for a Cr-1 Mo heat exchanger. For a 30% tritium burn fraction and a 1.75 tritium breeding ratio, 19.5 mg/sec of tritium are added to a 1-GWg HYLIFE plant s liquid metal wall, and the same amount must diffuse out. The permeability constant for tritium diffusing through 2 1 Cr-1 Mo steel is (21)... 

Imai M, lsozaklT,Yasoshima K, Yoshitomi K. Permeability characteristics and probability of lithium transport in the thin limbs of Henle s loop. Kidney Int 1990 37 (suppi 28) S31-S35. 

Lithium decreases production of adenosine 3c,5c-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP), and inhibits the recycling of phosphatidyl inositol phosphate to inositol, resulting in a decrease in inositol triphosphate (IP3). Lithium also affects the permeability of membranes to sodium and potassium. 

The proposed method for obtaining immobilized enzymes involves coprecipitation of polycations with enzymes under the influence of the half-reduced lithium salt of tetracyanodiquinone dimethane. The enzyme is immobilized in water-permeable polymers with high electrical conductivity (up to 10 ohm cm ). The product is a black powder with an enzyme content as high as 500 mg per 1 g of the carrier. 

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