Lithium hybrid

Oxygen gas is developed while the hydrogen is bound into the metal. A few tests were conducted with the lithium hybrid process, which has been developed at the RWTH Aachen, Germany. Out of some 40 candidate materials for the cell membrane, TiNi alloys were shown to be corrosion resistant for more than 500 h under electrolysis conditions. A thermodynamic analysis indicates an efficiency of 45 %, if hydrogen at a pressure of 4 MPa is provided [15],... 

Skarstad PM, Weidner JW (2007) Modeling lithium/ hybrid-cathode batteries. J Power Sources 174(2) 872-876. doi 10.1016/j. 

Potassium or lithium derivatives of ethyl acetate, dimethyl acetamide, acetonitrile, acetophenone, pinacolone and (trimethylsilyl)acetylene are known to undergo conjugate addition to 3-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)-1 -cyclohexenyl t-butyl sulfone 328. The resulting a-sulfonyl carbanions 329 can be trapped stereospecifically by electrophiles such as water and methyl iodide417. When the nucleophile was an sp3-hybridized primary anion (Nu = CH2Y), the resulting product was mainly 330, while in the reaction with (trimethylsilyl)acetylide anion the main product was 331. 

James also carried out a treatment of the lithium molecule-ion with use of 25 orbitals and explicit consideration of the four K electrons, obtaining the energy value —0.304 e. v. at r = 2.98 A. (this being not necessarily the minimum point of the curve). Our curve for an 5 bond similarly gives a very small energy value, — 0.22 e. v., at this value of r. The calculations described above indicate that the principal source of inaccuracy in these treatments is the assumption that the bonds are 5 bonds, and that the consideration of s-p hybridization makes a great improvement. 

The energy of the one-electron bond in the lithium molecule ion is calculated with consideration of the s-p separation to be 1.19 e. v and the hybrid bond orbital involved is shown to involve about equal contributions from the 25 and 2p orbitals of the lithium atom. 

In the molecule Li2 the bond involves a hybrid atomic orbital as+bp formed from the 2s orbital and one of the much less stable 2p orbitals. It is shown below that the amount of p character of this bond orbital (equal to b2, with a2 + b2 = 1) is small, being about 8%. On the other hand, if each of the atoms in metallic lithium requires a bond orbital and a metallic orbital and the two are equivalent they will be 2- -p) and 2 t(s —p), with 50 % p character. The analysis of energy quantities supports this conclusion. 

The facility with which the transfer of acetylenic groups occurs is associated with the relative stability of the ip-hybridized carbon. This reaction is an alternative to the more common addition of magnesium or lithium salts of acetylides to aldehydes. 

To improve the lithium transference number, a typical approach has been the preparation of a polymer/salt hybrid,8 17 in which an ionic group is immobilized in... 

As described in previous sections (Sections VI and VII), macromolecular design of polymer/salt hybrids with a highly dissociable lithium borate unit proved to be a valuable approach for single-ion conductive polymers. To further improve the degree of lithium salt dissociation, we have designed a polymer/salt hybrid bearing the boron-stabilized imidoanion (BSI)38 (Fig. 10). 

A synthesis of comblike organoboron polymer/boron stabilized imidoanion hybrids was examined via reactions of poly(organoboron halides) with 1-hexylamine and oligo(ethylene oxide) monomethyl ether and subsequent neutralization with lithium hydride (scheme 8). The obtained polymers (10) were amorphous soft solids soluble in common organic solvents such as methanol, THF, and chloroform. In the nB-NMR spectra (Fig. 11), neutralization of the iminoborane unit with lithium hydride... 

Natural graphite, carbons, surface modification, coating, lithium-ion cells, high power, hybrid electric vehicles (HEY). 

Lithium-ion batteries are being seriously considered for application in all-electric vehicles (EV) and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV s) because of their high power and energy densities [1, 2], The U.S. Department of... 

High-power lithium-ion batteries are promising alternatives to the nickel metal hydride batteries which are currently used for energy storage in hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). Currently, Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials are the most widely studied cathode materials for the high-power lithium-ion batteries [1-4]. Although Li(Ni,Co)02-based materials meet the initial power requirement for the HEY application, however, it has been reported that they... 

Vinylidenecarbene or allenylidene3 (R)2C=C=C has a lance-shaped, unsubstituted and sp-hybridized carbene center and, therefore, will not be easily subject to steric hindrance in its insertion reactions. On this assumption, (2-methyljpropenylidenecarbene or its carbenoid was chosen as a prototype of typical vinylidenecarbenes and its insertion reaction with several different types of alkoxides was investigated by employing two methods (A and B, Scheme 10) for carbene generation.20 The insertion products 20 were obtained almost exclusively except lithium allyloxide (Table 4, entry 10).21 By-products such as propargyl ether and allenyl ether were not formed at all. To be noted here, in... 

Just one reaction has been described where lithiated methoxyallene 42 reacted with bicyclo[3.2.0]heptenone 175 to form the triquinane derivative 176 via a tandem oxy-Cope-transannular ring closure sequence (Eq. 8.31) [111]. However, cycloocta-none 177 was isolated as a major product, which is unusual since other alkenyl-lithium compounds and 175 provide only triquinanes. The authors assumed that the additional sp2-hybridized C-atom in the eight-membered ring intermediate (eno-late of 177) induces a conformation which is less susceptible to transannular ring closure. 

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