Organophosphorus reagents

Burger, K In Organophosphorus Reagents in Organic Synthesis, Cadogan, J I G., Ed, Academic London, 1979, p 492 and literature cited therein... 

Important and widely used variants of the Wittig reaction are based on carbanionic organophosphorus reagents, and are known as the Wadsworth-Emmons reaction, Wittig-Horner reaction or Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction. As first reported by Horner, carbanionic phosphine oxides can be used today carbanions from alkyl phosphonates 13 are most often used. The latter are easily prepared by application of the Arbuzov reaction. The reactive carbanionic species—e.g. 14 —is generated by treatment of the appropriate phosphonate with base, e.g. with sodium hydride ... 

For a review, see Rowley, A.G. in Cadogan Organophosphorus Reagents in Organic Synthesis Academic Press NY, 1979, p. 295. 

Bifunctional organophosphorus reagents in which one of the P=0 groups is replaced by an amide (N—C=0) group have the generic formula ... 

During development of the Truex process, various monofunctional organophosphorus reagents [e.g., TBP DBBP (dibutylbutylphosphonate) HDEHP (di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid)] were considered for removal of alpha-emitters from HNO3 waste solutions. Two typical flow sheets for the use of HDEHP and TBP are shown in Fig. 12.14. Because of the poor performance of these two extractants, the processes were complicated. Distribution ratios... 

The use of HDEHP for extraction of actinides from waste solutions also has several drawbacks, including extraction of trivalent ions at a pH at which tetravalent ions such as Zr(IV) and Pu(IV) are hydrolyzed, and difficulties in stripping tetravalent and hexavalent actinides. All in all, monofunctional organophosphorus reagents are vastly inferior to their bifunctional counterparts for extracting Am(III) and other actinides from strong HNO3 media. 

Abell, A. D. Edmonds, M. K. The Wittig and Related Reactions. In Organophosphorus Reagents Murphy, P. J., Ed. Oxford University Press Oxford, 2004 pp 99-127. 

B-79MI51603 J. I. G. Cadogan in Organophosphorus Reagents in Organic Synthesis , ed. J. 

I. Gosney, A. G. Rowley in Organophosphorus Reagents in Organic Synthesis," Ed. J. I. G. Cadogan, Academic Press, New York (1979), Chpt 2 JCS Perkin I 1 (1979) (polymer-supported reagents)... 

Toews, K.L. Smart, N.G. Wai, C.M. Complexation and transport of uranyl nitrate in supercritical carbon dioxide with organophosphorus reagents, Radiochim. Acta 75 (1996) 179-184. 

Lin, Y., Smart, N. G., Wai, C. M. (1995), Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Uranium and Thorium from Nitric Acid Solutions with Organophosphorus Reagents, Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2706-2708. 

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