Liquid schematic view

Figure Bl.27.8. Schematic view of Picker s flow microcalorimeter. A, reference liquid B, liquid under study P, constant flow circulating pump and 2, Zener diodes acting as heaters T and T2, thennistors acting as temperature sensing devices F, feedback control N, null detector R, recorder Q, themiostat. In the above A is the reference liquid and C2is the reference cell. When B circulates in cell C this cell is the working cell. (Reproduced by pemiission from Picker P, Leduc P-A, Philip P R and Desnoyers J E 1971 J. Chem. Thermo. B41.)...

The air around us is a huge reservoir of gas that exerts pressure on the Earth s surface. This pressure of the atmosphere can be measured with an instmment called a barometer. Figure 5 shows a schematic view of a simple mercury barometer. A long glass tube, closed at one end, is filled with liquid mercury. The filled tube is inverted carefully into a dish that is partially filled with more mercuiy. The force of gravity pulls downward on the mercury in the tube. With no opposing force, the mercury would all ran out of the tube and mix with the mercury in the dish. 

Figure 2.42 Micro mixer geometry with staggered groove structures on the bottom wall, as considered in [137], The top of the figure shows a schematic view of the channel cross-section with the vortices induced by the grooves. At the bottom, confocal micrographs showing the distribution of two liquids over the cross-section are displayed.

Fig. 1L Schematic view of the stages in the mixing of two immiscible viscous liquids. The large drop of the dispersed phase is stretched out and folded by the flow and breaks up into smaller droplets. Smaller drops may collide and coalesce to form larger drops.

Figure 13.27 illustrates a schematic view of a carbon-supported metallic catalyst in the superheated liquid-film state. 

Schematic view of the carbon-supported dehydrogenation catalyst under superheated liquid-film conditions.

Environmental chemicals occur as pure liquid or solid compounds, dissolved in water or in nonaqueous liquids, volatilised in gases, dissolved in solids (absorbed) or bound to interfaces (adsorbed). Figure 5 gives a schematic view of the different physical states at which substrates are taken up by microbial cells. There is a consensus that water-dissolved chemicals are available to microbes. This is obvious for readily soluble chemicals, but there is also clear evidence for microbial uptake of the small dissolved fractions of poorly water soluble compounds. Rogoff already had shown in 1962 that bacteria take up phenanthrene from aqueous solution [55], In the intervening time many other researchers have made the same observation with various combinations of microorganisms and poorly soluble compounds [14,56,57]. 

Figure 13. Schematic view of brush-type CSPs showing the chiral selector substituents oriented towards the liquid phase. Solvent molecules and the respective solvation are not shown. Stereoselective [SO-SA] interactions, attractive or repulsive, are located invariably within the heterogeneously structured chiral stationary phase.

FIG. 6.16 Contact of liquids with pores and powders (a) schematic view of pores through a plug of particles (b) liquid intrusion into a plug under pressure and (c) an idealized plug of cylindrical pores. 

Figure 11.1. Schematic views of various ways in which an organic chemical, i, may sorb to natural inorganic solids (a) adsorption from air to surfaces with limited water presence, (b) partitioning from aqueous solutions to the layer of vicinal water adjacent to surfaces that serves as an absorbent liquid, (c) adsorption from aqueous solution to specific surface sites due to electron donor-acceptor interactions, (d) adsorption of charged molecules from aqueous solution to complementarily charged surfaces due to electrostatic attractions, and (e) chemisorption due to surface bonding or inner sphere complex formation.

Scheme 2.2 A schematic view of the systems with one (a) and two (b) polarized liquid/liquid interfaces outer /M) and inner (M/w2)...

Scheme 2.3 A schematic view of an heterogeneous redox reaction at a liquid/ liquid interface...

FIGURE 3.29 A schematic view from above the disk of a passive capillary burst valve. A liquid flows in a channel or capillary and is pinned at the discontinuity where the channel meets a chamber or a wider channel. Sufficient fluidic pressure must be exerted by the centrifugal pump to overcome the pressure of curved liquid surfaces and to wet the walls of the chamber with liquid. This pressure is achieved at a characteristic rate of rotation or burst frequency, C0c, above which the liquid exits the channel and enters the chamber. CO, depends on the hydraulic diameter (dH) of the capillary and the amount of liquid in the channel and therefore provides a means of gating the flow of liquid [1042]. Reprinted with permission from the American Chemical Society. 

FIG. 15.48 Schematic view of some liquid crystal phases. Kindly provided by Prof. SJ. Picken (2003). 

FIG. 26.15 Schematic view of the various kinds of environmental causing liquids shown as function of the differences in solubility parameters of polymer and liquid. 

Figure 11 Schematic view of a beryllium-gasketed diamond anvil cell, (a) The entire assembly. A, Movable diamond seat B, beryllium gasket C, diamond anvils D, adjustable diamond seat E, adjusting screws F, locking screws H, buffer springs, (b) Magnified view of the sample setting. A, diamond anvil B, beryllium gasket C, liquid D, sample. (From Refs. 71 and 93.)...

Figure 3.48 Exploded schematic view of a flow-cell FPW liquid sensor. The silicon chip containing die thin silicon-nitride membrane, piezoelectric film and transducers is sandwiched between two etched silicon chips. The upper chip is a cap with fluid inlet and outlet fittings, b also provides vias for contact to a temperature-sensing polysilicon resistor deposited on the FPW chip below it. The lower chip introduces transducer contact leads and protects the underside of the membrane fitm contact with the fluid. (Hgwc courtesy of Beo Costello, Bokeley Microliulratitents, Inc.)...

Figure 4.31 (Left) Schematic view of the relative arrangement of chiral molecules (extended lozenges) in the cholesteric liquid crystalline mesophase (after [59]. The twist between layers is greatly exaggerated. In reality approximately 10 layers lie between equally inclined layers. (Right ) Helical arrangement of molecules, with a relative twist between molecules along one direction only the axis of the helical ribbon.

Fig. 18. Freeze-fracture electron micrography of thylakoid membrane. (A) A portion of the chioroplast thylakoids (B top) a schematic view of the stacked region of thylakoids frozen in freon at liquid-nitrogen temperature ("freeze etch") and (B bottom) after fracture along the thick dashed line by the impact of a microtome knife [freeze fracture] (C) an electron micrograph of a replica of the EF and PF faces such as those shown in (B) bottom (D) distribution of the four photosynthetic complexes in the various fracture faces. (A) kindly furnished by Dr. Andrew Staehelin Source for (B) and (C) Miller (1978) The photosynthetic membrane. SciAm241 107.

Fig. 7.13 High-pressure equipment used with liquid media (a) general view, and (b) a schematic view of the layout.

Fig. 13. Schematic view of a variable temperature cold cell used for infrared studies of liquid noble-gas solutions. Cooling is achieved with a pulsed flow of liquid N2 (LN2) controlled by the output from one of the two thermocouples T so as to stabilize the temperature. The whole cell fits into a vacuum jacket (not illustrated), which is pumped through the tube V in the top flange of the cell. The solution under study can be passed through the cell from a room temperature reservoir via the two tubes marked In and Out [reproduced with permission from (81), p. 555].

Figure 2.3.1 Schematic view of the phases in cell (2.3.1). Equilibrium is established for certain charge carriers as shown, but at the liquid junction between the two electrolyte phases a and p, equilibrium is not reached.

FIGURE 16.29 Schematic view of the liquid-crystal temperature measurements. 

Figure 13. Oxygen Is photoemission spectra (left panel) and oxygen 2s plus valence band photoemission spectra (right panel) of MgO(lOO) after sequential interactions with water vapor (3 min exposure) at different p(H20) (reported in torr to left of each spectrum) showing growth of low kinetic energy feature at 81 eV in the Is spectra and at 47 and 60 eV in the 2s + VB spectra. Also shown are Is and 02s + VB spectra of MgO(lOO) after immersion in liquid water. The 2s + VB spectrum of brucite is also shown. A schematic view of the MgO (100) surface is shown on the left before and after reaction with water vapor. Edge and comer defects are shown together with a vacancy, which are the most reactive sites on the MgO (100) surface. The structure of bmcite is shown at the upper left. These data were taken on SSRL beam line 10-1. (after Liu et al. 1998a)...

Figure 1 Schematic view of the interaction of laser light with a solid. Initial irradiation heats (a) and then melts (b) the surface. The liquid is then vaporized (c) and ionized (d) to form a plasma that is ejected away from the target surface. The time from (a) to (d) is...

Figure 27.1 Schematic view of structure in a crystal (a) and in a liquid (b).

Fig. 3.5-9 Schematic view of a typical liquid-liquid biphasic catalytic process with catalysts immobilized in ILs.

Fig. 1 Schematic view of the Liquid Xenon-Coded Aperture Telescope (LXe-CAT)...

Figure 15.9. (a) Sch atic view of local water structure near a small hydrophobic sphere. The dashed lines indicate HBs. (b) Schematic view of water structure near large parallel hydrophobic plates. The shaded area indicates regions where water density is essentially that of the bulk liquid vacant regions indicate where water density is essentially that of the bulk vapor. Adapted with permission from J. Phys. Chem. B, 103 (1999), 4570. Copyright (1999) American Chemical Society. 

Figure 22 Schematic view of an interfacial shear rheometer at liquid/liquid interfaces.

Fig. 29.1 (a) A schematic view of a liquid jet injected perpendicular to a uniform incoming gas stream (b) a sample cross-sectional element (c) schematic trajectory of the droplets formed at the CBL... 

Strictly speaking, the gel membranes cannot be classified as true polymer electrolytes, but rather as hybrid systems where a liquid phase is contained within a polymer matrix. A schematic view of this structure is represented in Figure 7.7. 

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